The History and Development of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps | | 穝忙ネ玻砞刮句籔祇甶 |
| State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China October 2014, Beijing | | 201410る瓣叭皘穝籇快そ |
| Contents | | ヘ魁 |
| Preface | | 玡ē |
| I. Founding and Development | | ミ籔祇甶 |
| II. Responsibilities and Structure | | 戮砫籔砰 |
| III. Development and Construction | | 秨祇籔砞 |
| IV. Safeguard the Frontier, Maintain Stability, and Promote Ethnic Unity | | 蝴铆Η娩籔玃秈チ壁刮挡 |
| Preface | | 玡ē |
| The practice of stationing garrison troops to cultivate and guard its border areas is a legacy of China's several thousand years of history of developing and safeguarding its frontiers. The central government first adopted this practice on a large scale in what is known as the Western Regions (the major part of which was today's Xinjiang) more than 2,000 years ago, during China's Western Han Dynasty, and it continues to this day. In 1949 Xinjiang was peacefully liberated. In 1954 the central government decided to form a production and construction corps in Xinjiang. This strategic move conformed to national conditions and the realities of Xinjiang, representing a continuation and development of historical experience under new conditions. | | べ玖Η娩琌い瓣碭秨祇㎝玂矫娩忙句框玻いァ現┎﹁办穝忙砏家べ玖Η娩﹍2000玡﹁簙句猽脓1949穝忙㎝キ秆1954いァ現┎∕﹚穝忙Θミネ玻砞刮硂琌才い瓣瓣薄㎝穝忙龟悔驹菠羭惫琌句竒喷穝句兵ン膥┯㎝祇甶 |
| The Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (XPCC) started from scratch 60 years ago. It has since made strenuous efforts to fulfill faithfully the responsibilities the state has entrusted to it to cultivate and guard the border areas. Despite a harsh natural environment, XPCC workers put down roots in Xinjiang. They have reclaimed ecological oases from the desolate Gobi desert, initiated Xinjiang's modernization, built large-scale agriculture and industrial and mining enterprises, and established new cities and towns through joining hands with local people of all ethnic groups. Combining the functions of production, administration, and defense, the XPCC has made indelible contributions to the development of Xinjiang, by promoting unity among ethnic groups, maintaining social stability, and strengthening national border defense. | | 60ㄓ穝忙ネ玻砞刮フも癬產羮璚灸矮┚龟糹︽帝瓣產结ぉべ玖Η娩篴ㄏ㏑約刮瓁玖戮劳∟獴蚕娩忙讽壁チ笵рュむ纠簔э硑Θネ篈厚瑆秨承穝忙瞷てㄆ穨Θ砏家て笰穨砍快膓穨癬畒畒穝马だ祇揣ネ玻钉钉驹矮钉ノ刮崩笆穝忙祇甶糤秈チ壁刮挡蝴臔穦铆﹚綿㏕瓣產娩ňぃ縤防句癪膍 |
| On the 60th anniversary of the founding of the XPCC, we issue this white paper which presents a comprehensive introduction to the history and development of the XPCC, to give the international community a better knowledge of its functions and nature as a social organization, and of XPCC members as a social group. | | 穝忙ネ玻砞刮Θミ60㏄ぇ悔疭祇フブざ残刮句㎝祇甶猵瓣悔穦秆㎝粄醚刮祇揣ぐ或妓ノ刮琌ぐ或妓穦舱麓刮琌ぐ或妓穦竤砰 |
| I. Founding and Development | | ミ籔祇甶 |
| Xinjiang is situated in the border areas of northwest China. Founding of the XPCC occurred under a special geographical and historical background. | | 穝忙矪い瓣﹁娩东穝忙ネ玻砞刮琌疭瞶句璉春Θミ |
| When Xinjiang was peacefully liberated in 1949, the region featured a natural economy, with farming and animal husbandry as the mainstay. Productivity was low and the mode of production was backward. Development was stalled and local residents lived in poverty. Aiming to consolidate border defense, accelerate Xinjiang's development, and reduce the economic burden on the local government and local residents of all ethnic groups, in January 1950 the People's Liberation Army (PLA) units stationed in Xinjiang started focusing their efforts on production and construction. By the end of that year they had become largely self-sufficient in grains and fully self-sufficient in edible oil and vegetables. In 1953 the Xinjiang Military District reorganized its troops into two divisions: defense troops and production troops. The latter had 43 regimental agricultural and stock raising farms and 77,260 hectares of farmland. The production troops also set up industrial, transport, construction, and commercial enterprises, as well as public institutions of science and technology, education, health, and culture, so paving the way for the founding of the Production and Construction Corps. | | 1949穝忙㎝キ秆讽竒蕾琌笰穨砰礛竒蕾ネ玻キネ玻よΑ辅祇甶矪氨孩篈チネ砲璚ぃ臭綿㏕娩ňе祇甶搭淮穝忙讽現┎㎝壁チ竒蕾璽踞19501る緉穝忙チ秆瓁盢璶秖щネ玻砞ぇい讽龟瞷鲁场だ倒猳江垫场倒1953穝忙瓁跋盢┮妮场钉俱絪瓣ň场钉㎝ネ玻场钉ㄢ场だㄤいネ玻场钉Τ瓁玖笰刮初43局Τ77.26そ臣临砍快穨ユ硄縱坝穨穨㎝м毙▅ゅて矫ネ单ㄆ穨虫ぇ舱ネ玻砞刮楚﹚膀娄 |
| In October 1954 the central government ordered the demobilization of most of the PLA Second, Fifth, and Sixth Armies and all of the 22nd Army Group in Xinjiang, and their separation from the setups of the national defense forces to form the Production and Construction Corps of the Xinjiang Military District of the PLA, subject to the dual leadership of the Xinjiang Military District and the Xinjiang Sub-bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China. The XPCC's missions were to carry out both production and militia duties, and to cultivate and guard the border areas. Henceforth the XPCC officially commenced its building of state-run agricultural and stock raising farms, and transformed from military self-sufficient production to production as an enterprise, incorporated into national planning. The XPCC had an initial population of 175,500, later swelled by large numbers of youth, demobilized military personnel, intellectuals, scientists, and technicians. As of May 1956 the XPCC was subordinated to the dual leadership of the Ministry of Land Reclamation and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. | | 195410るいァ現┎㏑緉穝忙チ秆瓁材材せ瓁场材き瓁场材刮场栋砰碞锣穨叉瞒瓣ň场钉舱¨い瓣チ秆瓁穝忙瓁跋ネ玻砞刮〃钡穝忙瓁跋㎝いいァ穝忙だЫ蛮烩旧ㄤㄏ㏑琌骋猌挡べ玖Η娩刮パ秨﹍タ砏て瓣犁笰刮初砞パ瓁钉倒┦ネ玻锣穨てネ玻タΑ瓣產璸购讽刮羆17.55窾瓣у纔╭獵Ё狡锣瓁醚だм刮︽щō穝忙砞眖19565る癬刮瓣產笰玖场㎝穝忙蝴焊獀跋蛮烩旧 |
| In 1962 some local residents in Xinjiang's Ili and Tacheng crossed the frontier. By order of the state, the XPCC dispatched more than 17,000 officials and workers to Ili and Tacheng to maintain public order and tend the farmland and livestock of those who had fled. They quickly set up a belt of regimental farms ranging from 10 to 30 kilometers in breadth along the more than 2,000-kilometer-long boundaries of Ili, Tacheng, Altay, Hami, and Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture. They played a crucial role in maintaining stability in Xinjiang, safeguarding national border security, and improving China's strategic position in its northwest border defense. By the end of 1966, the Corps had 158 regimental agricultural and stock raising farms, with a population of 1,485,400. | | 1962穝忙レ瞤娥跋祇ネ娩チ禫挂ㄆン沮瓣產场竝刮秸缓1.7窾稦场戮゜璾讽蝴臔穦獀琁︽恨ǔ硉穝忙レ瞤娥扒盞跋㎝痴焊娥┰籜獀单笷2000そ娩挂猽絬ミ羇瞏10そ30そ娩挂刮初盿硂癸铆﹚穝忙蝴臔瓣產娩ň祇揣ぃ蠢璶ノэ到瓣產﹁娩ň驹菠篈墩1966┏刮羆笷148.54窾局Τ笰刮初158 |
| During the "cultural revolution" (1966-1976), the XPCC suffered serious disruption in fulfilling its mission of cultivating and guarding the border areas. In March 1975 the Corps was dissolved. The General Administration of Land Reclamation of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region was founded to take charge of state-run agricultural and stock raising farms in Xinjiang. In December 1981 the central government decided to restore the production and construction corps organizational system. It renamed the Production and Construction Corps of the Xinjiang Military District of the PLA the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps. The Corps then recommenced its pioneering work. Over the past 30 years or more, the XPCC has introduced reforms by expediting the general contract responsibility system and the enterprise contract responsibility system and setting up workers' household farms. It has also developed diverse sectors of the economy, promoted industrial development and established new cities and towns. The XPCC has thus scaled new heights of progress in its endeavor to cultivate and guard the border areas. | | ¨ゅて㏑〃1966⌒1976戳丁刮べ玖Η娩ㄆ穨腨瘆胊19753る刮砆篗綪Θミ穝忙蝴焊獀跋笰玖羆Ы恨忙瓣犁笰刮初穨叭198112るいァ現┎∕﹚狡刮嘿パΤ¨い瓣チ秆瓁穝忙瓁跋ネ玻砞刮〃э¨穝忙ネ玻砞刮〃刮秨﹍Ω承穨30丁刮癸瓣Τ笰初秈︽稦砫ヴ砍快戮產畑笰初穨┯竒犁砫ヴ祇甶贺竒蕾Θだ单よэ砍快穨砞马刮べ玖Η娩ㄆ穨ぃ耞邻穝顶琿 |
| Over the past 60 years, in fulfilling its mission the XPCC has adhered to the principle of "not competing for benefits with the local people." The XPCC reclaimed farmland and successively built regimental agricultural and stock raising farms in the Gobi desert to the north and south of the Tianshan Mountains, and in the harsh natural environment of the desolate border areas. The XPCC has gradually established a multi-sector industrial system encompassing food processing, light industry, textiles, iron and steel, coal, building materials, electricity, chemicals, and machinery. It has also achieved significant progress in education, science and technology, culture, health, and other public sectors. By the end of 2013, the XPCC had 176 regiments, 14 divisions, an area of 70,600 square kilometers under its administration, including 1,244,770 hectares of farmland, and a population of 2,701,400, accounting for 11.9% of Xinjiang's total population. | | 60ㄓ刮べ玖Η娩ㄏ㏑宽碻¨ぃ籔チ〃玥ぱ玭む纠簔㎝废祡ぶ吏挂碿娩挂猽絬秨硑バΘ笰刮初硋˙ミ癬瞇籠珇淮麓葵臟费筿て诀瘪单摸穨砰╰毙▅мゅて矫ネ单兜穦ㄆ穨眔ì祇甶篒2013┏刮烈14畍176刮烈跋縩7.06窾キよそ1244.77そ臣羆270.14窾穝忙羆11.9% |
| II. Responsibilities and Structure | | 戮砫籔砰 |
| Constituting as it does an important part of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, the XPCC assumes the responsibilities entrusted to it by the state of cultivating and guarding the border areas, and operates an administrative system with unified Party, government, military, and enterprise roles. It is a special social organization that handles its own administrative and judicial affairs within the reclamation areas under its administration, in accordance with the laws and regulations of the state and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, with economic planning directly supervised by the state. It is subordinated to the dual leadership of the central government and Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. | | 穝忙ネ玻砞刮琌穝忙蝴焊獀跋璶舱Θ场だ刮┯踞帝瓣產结ぉべ玖Η娩戮砫龟︽囊現瓁砰琌┮烈玖跋ずㄌ酚瓣產㎝穝忙蝴焊獀跋猭猭砏︽恨瞶ず场︽現猭ㄆ叭瓣產龟︽璸购虫疭穦舱麓いァ現┎㎝穝忙蝴焊獀跋蛮烩旧 |
| In the course of fulfilling its responsibility to cultivate the border areas, the XPCC has focused on modern agricultural development while expanding secondary and tertiary industries, with emphatic efforts toward protecting and improving the ecological environment and promoting social progress and unity among ethnic groups in Xinjiang. In its endeavor to guard the border areas, the XPCC has strengthened national border defense while maintaining national unity and Xinjiang's social stability, and guarding against and cracking down on criminal sabotage activities by terrorist forces. Since the 1980s separatist, religious extremist and terrorist forces and their sabotage activities have become a major threat to national unity and to Xinjiang's social stability. They are hence the focus of the work of the XPCC in guarding the border areas. | | べ玖Η娩琌瓣產结ぉ刮戮砫刮¨べ玖〃瞷笰穨秨祇膀娄祇甶材材玻穨帝玂臔㎝э到ネ篈吏挂玃秈穝忙穦秈˙籔チ壁刮挡刮¨Η娩〃よ矫瓣產娩ňよ蝴臔瓣產参㎝穝忙穦铆﹚ň絛㎝ゴ阑┢墩デ竜瘆胊笆2080だ吊墩﹙毙伐狠墩忌┢墩单¨墩〃のㄤ瘆胊笆Θ紇臫穝忙穦铆﹚甡瓣產参腨刮Η娩翴锣簿ň絛㎝ゴ阑¨墩〃瘆胊笆ヴ叭 |
| | | 1990いァ現┎у刮瓣產龟︽璸购虫刮膥尿穝忙蝴焊獀跋璶舱Θ场だ钡獀跋烩旧硋亥パいァ現┎Τ闽场癸恨瞶硂贺蛮烩旧砰ミ琌刮︽現刘妮闽╰承硑┦跑Τいァ籔獀跋癸刮秸烩旧Τ刮糹︽璽兜戮砫瞶抖刮籔瓣產诀闽场闽╰秈˙崩笆刮ㄆ穨祇甶ㄓいァ現┎癸刮そ狝叭㎝そ毙ゅ矫笰狶ㄆ叭单烩办倒ぉ現郸や㎝戈щ刮竒蕾穦祇甶猔眏㎝穝ネ㏑ |
| | 刮龟︽囊現瓁蔼参疭恨瞶砰刮常Τい瓣玻囊舱麓祇揣帝癸刮兜ㄆ穨烩旧ノ刮砞Τ︽現诀闽㎝現猭诀闽︽恨瞶ず场︽現猭ㄆ叭刮琌¨瓁ㄆ龟砰〃砞Τ瓁ㄆ诀闽㎝猌杆诀篶猽ノ刮畍刮硈单瓁钉㎝畍刮硈单瓁钉戮叭嘿孔瞇緄帝やチ猌杆秖刮嘿¨い瓣穝栋刮そ〃琌栋笰穨穨ユ硄縱坝穨┯踞竒蕾砞ヴ叭瓣Τ穨刮囊現瓁甅烩旧诀篶籔兜戮砰 |
| | 刮磕穝忙穦┮妮畍刮初のㄆ穨虫だガ穝忙蝴焊獀跋カ郡カ︽現跋ず璶パ刮τ龟︽参烩旧㎝恨瞶驹菠璶刮初栋い硈竒蕾膀娄祇甶肩玖跋砞Τ7¨畍カ〃穝忙蝴焊獀跋烈郡カ㎝5¨刮初马〃马パ刮龟︽参だ恨瞶¨畍㎝カ〃¨刮初㎝马〃囊現诀篶砞竚А龟︽¨诀篶ㄢ遏礟〃 |
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