Gender Equality and Women's Development in China

中国性别平等与妇女发展状况

【法宝引证码】

Issuing authority： State Council Information Office
Date issued： 08-24-2005


Foreword China is a developing country with the largest population in the world. Of its total population of 1.3 billion, women account for about half. Therefore, the promotion of gender equality and the overall development of women is not only of great significance for China's development, it also has a special influence on the efforts for the advancement of mankind. It has always been a basic state policy of China to promote equality between men and women. Since New China was founded in 1949, especially since the adoption of the reform and opening-up policy in the late 1970s, and along with the continuous growth of China's economy and the overall progress of its society, women are being given more guarantees of enjoyment of equal rights and opportunities with men and the development of women is being given unprecedented opportunities. In recent years, the Chinese government has made fairness and justice, with gender equality included, an important part of efforts to build a harmonious socialist society, and has utilized economic, legal, administrative, public opinion and other measures to ensure that women enjoy equal rights with men in terms of politics, economy, culture, and social and family life, and continuously pushes forward women's development in an all-round way. The Beijing Declaration and the Platform for Action adopted at the Fourth UN World Conference on Women held in Beijing in 1995 have produced great influence in promoting the progress of gender equality and women's development around the world. To commemorate the 10th anniversary of the conference, this white paper has been prepared to introduce to the rest of the world China's progress in promoting gender equality and women's development over the past decade.		前言中国是世界上人口最多的发展中国家，女性约占13亿总人口的一半。促进性别平等和妇女全面发展，不仅对中国的发展有着重要意义，而且对人类的进步有着特殊影响。促进男女平等是中国的一项基本国策。自1949年新中国成立以来，特别是20世纪70年代末实行改革开放政策以来，随着中国经济持续增长和社会全面进步，妇女与男子平等的权利和机会不断得到保障，妇女发展获得了前所未有的机遇。近年来，中国政府将包括性别平等在内的公平正义作为构建社会主义和谐社会的重要内容，运用经济、法律、行政及舆论等多种措施，努力保障妇女在政治、经济、文化、社会和家庭生活等方面享有与男子平等的权利，不断促进妇女的全面发展。 1995年在中国北京举行的联合国第四次世界妇女大会，通过了《北京宣言》和《行动纲领》，对促进性别平等和各国妇女发展，产生了重要影响。值此纪念联合国第四次世界妇女大会十周年之际，这里重点就十年来中国性别平等和妇女发展状况作些介绍。
I. State Mechanism to Promote Gender Equality and Development of Women To promote gender equality and the development of women, China is making unremitting efforts to improve its legal system to protect the rights and interests of women, formulate and implement programs regarding women's development, further improve relevant working organs, increase financial input and strengthen social awareness. The state has continuously intensified its efforts in the formulation, revision and enforcement of relevant laws and regulations to protect the legitimate rights and interests of women in earnest. As the supreme organ of state power and the top legislative organ of China, the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee have taken the protection of women's rights and interests and the promotion of gender equality as a key assignment, paid great attention to the formulation of laws concerning women, seriously dealt with bills related to the protection of women's legitimate rights and interests, and actively urged and supervised the enforcement and implementation of relevant laws. The Chinese government and its departments concerned have enforced laws and formulated and implemented relevant administrative rules and regulations to guarantee women's rights and interests, and promote gender equality. China now has built a complete legal system concerning the protection of women's rights and interests, and promotion of gender equality, based on the Constitution of the People's Republic of China, and with the Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Rights and Interests of Women as the main body and various separate laws and regulations, local regulations and administrative rules adopted by various government departments as supplementary provisions. The state judicial organs have augmented their law enforcement steps, and punished the perpetrators of various kinds of criminal infringements of women's rights and interests in accordance with the law. The state has enacted and implemented outlines for the development of women, and included women's development in the overall plans of economic and social development. The Outline for the Development of Chinese Women is a national program of action to carry out the Platform for Action adopted in 1995 in Beijing and push forward gender equality and women's development in a comprehensive way. Since the goals set in the Outline for the Development of Chinese Women (1995-2000) have been basically realized, and to meet the demands of China's coordinated economic and social development and the requirements of the UN Millennium Development Goals, China promulgated in 2001 its Outline for the Development of Chinese Women (2001-2010). The new document outlines 34 major goals and 100 policies and measures in six fields: women and the economy; women's participation in decision-making and administration; women and education; women and health; women and the law; and women and the environment. The departments concerned under the State Council and local governments at all levels have all worked out their own programs for the implementation of the outline and plans for women's development in their respective areas. The National Working Committee on Children and Women (NWCCW) under the State Council, the coordination and consultation organ of the Chinese government in charge of women and children's work, plays an important role in coordinating and promoting relevant government departments to do women and children's work well, as well as in formulating and organizing the implementation of the outlines for the development of women and children, providing necessary human, financial and material resources to the work on women and children and to the development of women and children's cause, and guiding, encouraging and supervising the work of its subordinates in all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. The current NWCCW is headed by a vice-premier of the State Council, and is composed of 33 member units (ministries, commissions under the State Council and non-governmental organizations - ed.) each having one of its vice-ministerial-level officials as a member of the NWCCW. To date, working organs on children and women have been set up by the people's governments of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, prefectures (prefecture-level cities and leagues) and counties (county-level cities, districts and banners) across China's mainland, which are under the direction of officials of governments at the corresponding level. An effective working system has been built within these working committees to coordinate the functional departments and urge them to perform their duties. Their expenditures are covered in the financial budgets of the governments at the corresponding level. The Chinese government attaches importance to the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) related to the development of women. The All-China Women's Federation, All-China Federation of Trade s, Central Committee of the Communist Youth League, China Disabled Persons' Federation and China Association of Science and Technology have all effectively pressed ahead with their gender equality work in line with their respective guidelines. The All-China Women's Federation (ACWF) is the largest NGO in China dedicated to promoting gender equality and women's development. It has an organizational system that covers women's federations and group members at various levels, and enjoys wide representation and mass involvement. The ACWF and local women's federations play a significant role in uniting and motivating women to participate in the country's economic construction and social development, encouraging them to take an active part in the democratic management and supervision of state and social affairs, and representing and safeguarding the rights and interests of women as a whole. In recent years, government departments have cooperated with women's federations and other NGOs to organize all kinds of activities to effectively utilize social resources for the promotion of gender equality and women's development. The central and local treasuries have both increased their inputs for the implementation of the outline for the development of women year by year, and optimized the allocation of resources to facilitate women's development. Since 2000, quite an amount of funds have been appropriated from the central and local treasuries to help achieve the key and difficult objectives that are difficult to fulfill in the outlines, with priority being given to the western and poverty-stricken areas. In 1990, the state input into women and children's health care and epidemic prevention and treatment stood at 305 million yuan and 1.203 billion yuan, respectively, which rose to 1.046 billion yuan and 3.388 billion yuan in 1999, and further to 1.579 billion yuan and 9.054 billion yuan in 2003. The state also pays great attention to the collection and study of statistics about the situation as regards women, and has set up a special organ to monitor and assess the implementation of the outline, and formulated a statistical monitoring indicator system and assessment program. In addition, networks for statistics monitoring and working systems have been established in various provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government. With the continuous improvement of the statistics-gathering and analysis systems by the departments concerned and gender statistics indicators added, a complete national gender statistics system has taken shape and is being constantly improved. Over the past decade, materials on gender statistics have been compiled and published by the state departments of statistics. The Chinese government sets great store by cooperation with the United Nations and other international organizations, and has actively strengthened its exchanges and cooperation with other governments and women's organizations around the world. China is serious about implementing international conventions. In May 2000, it submitted to the United Nations The Report on the Implementation Result of the People's Republic of China of the "Beijing Declaration" and the "Platform for Action" Adopted by the Fourth World Conference on Women in 1995; in February 2004, it submitted The Fifth and Sixth Regular Reports on the Implementation of the UN "Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women;" and in March 2005, it submitted The Report on the Implementation of the People's Republic of China of the "Beijing Platform for Action" (1995) and the Document of Results of the 23rd UN General Assembly Special Session (2000).		一、促进性别平等与妇女发展的国家机制中国不断完善维护妇女权益的法律体系，制定并实施妇女发展纲要，进一步健全工作机构，加大资金投入，加强社会动员，努力促进性别平等和妇女发展。国家不断加大维护妇女权益法律法规的制定、修订和实施力度，切实维护妇女合法权益。作为中国最高国家权力机关和立法机关的全国人民代表大会及其常委会，将维护妇女权益和促进性别平等作为一项重要任务，重视制定有关妇女的法律，认真办理维护妇女合法权益的议案，积极督促检查有关法律的执行和落实情况。中国政府及其有关工作部门，通过执行法律，制定并实施有关行政法规和规章，保障妇女权益，促进性别平等。在当今中国，已形成以《中华人民共和国宪法》为基础，以《中华人民共和国妇女权益保障法》为主体，包括国家各种单行法律法规、地方性法规和政府各部门行政规章在内的一整套保护妇女权益和促进性别平等的法律体系。国家司法机关不断加大执法力度，依法对各种侵犯妇女权益的犯罪行为予以制裁。国家制定并实施妇女发展纲要，把妇女发展纳入经济社会发展总体规划之中。中国妇女发展纲要是实施北京《行动纲领》、全面推进性别平等和妇女发展的国家行动计划。在《中国妇女发展纲要（1995—2000年）》目标基本实现的基础上，为适应国家经济与社会协调发展的需要和联合国《千年发展目标》的要求，中国又于2001年颁布了《中国妇女发展纲要（200l—2010年）》。这一纲要包括妇女与经济、妇女参与决策和管理、妇女与教育、妇女与健康、妇女与法律、妇女与环境六大领域的34项主要目标和100项策略措施。国务院有关部门和地方各级政府，制定了本部门的纲要实施方案和本地区的妇女发展规划。中国政府负责全国妇女儿童工作的协调议事机构——国务院妇女儿童工作委员会（以下简称国务院妇儿工委），在协调和推动政府有关部门做好维护妇女儿童权益工作，制定和组织实施妇女儿童发展纲要，为开展妇女儿童工作和发展妇女儿童事业提供必要的人力、财力、物力，以及指导、督促和检查各省（自治区、直辖市）政府妇女儿童工作委员会工作等方面，发挥了重要作用。本届国务院妇儿工委主任由国务院一位副总理担任，成员单位由国家33个部门组成，委员由各成员单位的一名副部长级领导担任。目前，全国所有省（自治区、直辖市）、地（市、州、盟）和县（市、区、旗）人民政府均成立了妇女儿童工作机构，由同级政府负责人领导。各级妇儿工委逐步建立了有效的工作制度，督促和协调各职能部门切实履行职责，工作经费列入同级政府的财政预算。中国政府重视发挥与妇女发展有关的非政府组织的作用。中华全国妇女联合会、中华全国总工会、中国共产主义青年团中央委员会、中国残疾人联合会、中国科学技术协会等，都根据其宗旨有效开展推进性别平等工作。中华全国妇女联合会（以下简称全国妇联）是中国最大的促进性别平等和妇女发展的非政府组织，其组织体系包括各级地方妇女联合会和团体会员，具有广泛的代表性、群众性和社会性。全国妇联和地方各级妇联在团结、动员广大妇女参与经济建设和社会发展，代表妇女参与国家和社会事务的民主管理、民主监督，代表和维护妇女权益等方面发挥了重要作用。近年来，政府部门与妇联等非政府组织合作开展多种活动，使社会资源得到有效利用，并通过这些活动有力地促进了性别平等和妇女发展。中央和地方财政逐年加大实施妇女发展纲要的经费投入，优化妇女发展的资源配置。2000年以来，中央和地方财政投入相当数量的资金，用于实现妇女发展纲要的重点难点指标，并注意向西部和贫困地区倾斜。1990年国家对妇幼保健和防治防疫的投入分别为3.05亿元和12.03亿元，1999年增加到10.46亿元和33.88亿元，2003年进一步增至15.79亿元和90.54亿元。国家重视对妇女状况的数据收集和分析研究工作，成立了实施纲要监测评估机构，制定了纲要监测统计指标体系和评估方案，各省（自治区、直辖市）建立了妇女状况监测统计网络和工作制度。国家有关部门不断改进统计制度，增加分性别统计指标，性别统计制度不断完善。近十年来，国家统计部门已编辑出版多种性别统计资料。中国政府重视与联合国及有关国际组织的合作，积极加强与各国政府和妇女组织的交流与合作。中国认真履行国际公约，于2000年5月向联合国提交了《中华人民共和国1995年第四次世界妇女大会〈北京宣言〉〈行动纲领〉执行成果报告》，2004年2月提交了《关于〈消除对妇女一切形式歧视公约〉执行情况第五次和第六次定期报告》，2005年3月提交了《中华人民共和国执行〈北京行动纲领〉（1995年）和第二十三届联大特别会议成果文件（2000年）情况报告》。
II. Women and the Economy The state has made the guarantee of equal employment opportunities between women and men and the sharing of economic resources and results of social development the top priority for the advancement of gender equality and the development of women, and has worked out and adopted a series of policies and measures to ensure that women can equally participate in the economic development, enjoy equal access to economic resources and effective services, enhance their self-development ability and improve their social and economic status. Encouraging women to start business and become re-employed. Employment is the basis of people's livelihood and the basic economic resource that women rely on for subsistence. Over the past few years, the Chinese government has formulated and carried out supportive policies to encourage women to start businesses on their own initiative, and give them preferential treatment when granting employment training subsidies and small-sum guaranteed loans and conducting tax reduction and exemption. In the meantime, governments at all levels have adopted many favorable policies toward women, such as creating public-welfare jobs, opening employment service centers, sponsoring special recruitment activities and vocational training courses, monitoring sex discrimination against women in employment and help women, especially laid-off women, to find new jobs. With the support of the government, women's federations at various levels, trade unions and other NGOs have conducted their work regarding the employment and re-employment of women in a creative way. During the period from 1998 to 2003, women's federations nationwide endeavored to get small-sum credit loans to directly aid a total of 2.5 million women to get re-employed. Over the past decade, the number and ratio of women employed have remained fairly high. By the end of 2004, the number of both urban and rural women workers reached 337 million nationwide, accounting for 44.8 percent of the total employed; and the number of women workers in urban work units stood at 42.27 million, accounting for 38.1 percent of the national total. Improving the employment structure of women. Over the past few years, the tertiary industry has become the main channel for providing jobs to women, and an increasing number of women are entering the computer, communications, finance and insurance and other high- and new-tech industries, thus becoming an important force in these fields. At present, women owners of small and medium-sized enterprises account for about 20 percent of the national total number of entrepreneurs, and 60 percent of them have emerged in the past decade. State organs, enterprises and public institutions have long pursued the principle of equality between men and women in terms of recruitment, training of professionals and technicians, as well as promotion in ranks and granting of professional titles to encourage women to display their abilities and come to the fore. By the end of 2004, women accounted for 43.6 percent of the total number of professionals and technicians in state-owned enterprises and institutions nationwide, up 6.3 percentage points over the 37.3 percent of 1995, among whom, the number of senior and intermediate-level women professionals and technicians rose from 20.1 percent and 33.4 percent to 30.5 percent and 42.0 percent, respectively. Enhancing social security for urban women. In recent years, the Chinese government has stepped up the construction of a social security system, with pension insurance, unemployment insurance, medical insurance, employment injury insurance and maternity insurance as the main contents. It has also carried out significant reforms of the urban social relief system, and gradually established and improved three funds: minimum urban living guarantee fund, basic living guarantee for laid-off workers fund and unemployment guarantee fund. The Trial Measures for Maternity Insurance of Enterprise Employees the state promulgated in 1994 put maternity insurance, which used to be borne by employers, under overall social planning. By the end of 2004, the practice of overall social planning had been introduced in 28 provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the central government, with 43.84 million employees, or 60 percent of the total number of urban employees covered. In October 1999, the Regulations on the Minimum Standard of Living for Urban Residents went into effect. By the end of 2004, 22.05 million urban residents, including women, were receiving minimum subsistence allowances. All those who needed such help were by and large covered. Giving full play to women's role in the rural economy. China is basically an agricultural country, and women account for more than 60 percent of the rural labor force and are a major force in farming activities. The Law of the People's Republic of China on Rural Land Contracting, which came into effect in 2003, states that women and men enjoy equal rights in contracting land in rural areas, and no organization or individual shall deprive women of the right to contract and operate land or infringe upon their right to do so. In recent years, the Chinese government has adopted active policies and measures to solve the problems concerning agriculture, rural areas and farmers, increased its input into agriculture, pushed forward tax reform in rural areas, and implemented the strategy of invigorating agriculture by applying science and technology. Government departments and women's federations at all levels have jointly organized activities to encourage rural women to acquire knowledge and learn science and technology, and compete in their development and contributions, so as to bring their role in invigorating and developing the rural economy into full play. Safeguarding the legitimate rights and interests of rural women working in cities. Over the past few years, the Chinese government has gradually reduced or eliminated the restrictive regulations on the employment of rural people in cities, and made great efforts to solve the problems of salaries in arrears, vocational safety, equal pay for equal work and social security for them so as to relieve rural migrant workers of anxieties regarding residence registration in cities and the schooling of their children, and actively protects the legitimate rights and interests of rural women working in cities. At the same time, the state also encourages and supports the building of training schools and legal aid centers, and the publication of typical cases of infringement as a means to raise awareness of their rights among migrant women workers and enhance their ability to safeguard their rights in accordance with the law. To actively promote gender equality in employment and raise women's ability to find employment or start businesses, the Chinese government has begun to cooperate with the United Nations Development Program, International Labor Organization and other international organizations, with satisfactory results. At present, it is accelerating, proceeding from the national conditions of China, the process for the approval of the UN's Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention in China.		二、妇女与经济国家将保障妇女获得与男子平等的就业机会、共享经济资源和社会发展成果，作为推进性别平等与妇女发展的首要目标和优先领域，制定并采取了一系列政策措施，确保妇女平等参与经济发展、平等获得经济资源和有效服务，增强妇女的自我发展能力，改善妇女的社会经济地位。促进妇女实现创业和再就业。就业是民生之本，也是妇女赖以生存发展的基本经济资源。近年来，中国政府制定和执行扶持妇女自主创业政策，在职业培训补贴、小额担保贷款、税费减免等方面给予优惠，为妇女自主创业提供有利条件。同时，各级政府采取开发公益性岗位、专设就业服务窗口、举办专场招聘会、组织专门培训、监控就业性别歧视等针对妇女的倾斜措施，帮助妇女特别是下岗失业妇女实现就业和再就业。在政府的支持下，各级妇联和工会等非政府组织创造性地开展妇女创业和再就业工作。1998—2003年,各级妇联组织积极争取小额信贷，直接帮助250万妇女实现再就业。十年来，妇女就业数量和比例一直保持较高水平。2004年底，全国城乡女性就业人数为3.37亿人，占全部从业人员的44.8％；全国城镇单位女性就业人员为4227万人，占城镇单位就业人员总数的38.1%。改善妇女就业结构。近年来，第三产业正在成为吸纳女性劳动力就业的主要渠道，越来越多的女性进入计算机、通信、金融、保险等高新技术行业，成为这些行业发展的重要力量。目前，以中小企业家为主的女企业家已占中国企业家总数的20%左右，其中有60%是近十年创业成功者。国家机关和企事业单位在专业技术人员招聘、培训、职务职称晋升中贯彻男女平等原则，促进优秀女性人才脱颖而出。2004年底，国有企事业单位专业技术人员中的女性比例达到43.6%，比1995年的37.3%提高了6.3个百分点，其中高、中级职务中的女性比例分别由20.1%、33.4%提高到30.5%和42.0%。提高城镇妇女的社会保障水平。近年来，中国政府不断加快完善以养老保险、失业保险、医疗保险、工伤保险和生育保险为主要内容的社会保障制度，同时对城市社会救济制度进行重大改革，逐步建立和完善了城市最低生活保障、下岗职工基本生活保障和失业保障三条保障线。1994年国家颁布《企业职工生育保险试行办法》，将原来由企业单位负责的生育保险改变为生育保险社会统筹，截至2004年底，全国已有28个省（自治区、直辖市）开展了生育保险的社会统筹，参保职工达4384万人，约占城镇企业职工总数的60%。1999年10月国家开始实施《城市居民最低生活保障条例》，截至2004年底，包括城镇妇女在内的2205万城镇居民领取到最低生活保障金，基本实现了应保尽保。发挥妇女在农村经济中的重要作用。中国是一个农业大国，占农业劳动力60%以上的妇女是农村生产活动的主力。2003年开始实施的《中华人民共和国农村土地承包法》规定，妇女与男子平等享有农村土地承包权利，任何组织和个人不得剥夺、侵害妇女的土地承包经营权。近年来，中国政府采取积极政策措施解决农业、农村、农民问题，加大农业投入力度，推进农村税费改革，实施科技兴农战略。各级政府有关部门与妇联组织合作开展“双学双比”活动，引导农村妇女学文化、学科技，比发展、比贡献，充分发挥农村妇女在振兴、发展农村经济中的重要作用。维护农村进城就业妇女的合法权益。近年来，中国政府逐步减少和取消对农民进城就业的限制性规定，着力解决工资拖欠、职业安全、同工同酬、社会保障等问题，减少农村进城就业人员在户籍管理、子女就学等方面的困难，积极维护农村进城就业妇女的合法权益。同时，国家鼓励和支持通过建立培训学校、成立维权工作站和宣传典型侵权案例等途径，提高农村进城就业妇女的权利意识，增强其依法维权能力。为积极促进劳动就业领域中的社会性别主流化，提高妇女就业和创业能力，近年来，中国政府有关部门开展了与联合国开发计划署、国际劳工组织等国际机构的合作，取得积极成效。目前，中国政府正从国情出发，加快联合国《就业和职业歧视公约》在中国的批准进程。
III. Women and Poverty Elimination To alleviate and eliminate poverty is a goal that the Chinese government is determined to realize. With the implementation of large-scale and effective special poverty-reduction development programs, the government has succeeded in reducing the poverty-stricken rural population, the majority of whom are women, by 53.9 million - from 80 million in 1994 to 26.1 million in 2004. Formulating preferential policies for the elimination of poverty among women. The Outline for the Development of Chinese Women puts forth the main goals of reducing the extent of poverty among and the number of poor women, and calls for more support for poverty-stricken women in the country's western development strategy, so that women will be the main receivers of poverty-reduction resources and the direct beneficiaries of the achievements of the poverty-reduction efforts. The state poverty-reduction program has made it clear that the government strives to further motivate women in the poverty-stricken areas to engage in household sideline production and the "courtyard economy," launch labor-intensive and other poverty-reduction projects that are particularly suitable for women, and organize women to learn practical skills and enhance their ability to shake off poverty and become well-off. At the Global Conference on Speeding Up Poverty Reduction, held in Shanghai in 2004, the Chinese government made a statement on its policy concerning the alleviation and elimination of poverty, which stressed the principle that, all factors being equal, preference will be given to poor women, and encouraged poor women to take part in poverty-reduction programs, and promised that the ratio of women participants would be no less than 40 percent of the total. ．．．．．．		三、妇女与消除贫困缓解和消除贫困是中国政府矢志不渝的目标。中国政府通过实施大规模的、富有成效的专项扶贫开发计划，使妇女占多数的农村贫困人口数量从1994年的8000万下降到2004年的2610万，减少了5390万。制定有利于消除妇女贫困的倾斜政策。中国妇女发展纲要提出了缓解妇女贫困程度、减少贫困妇女数量的主要目标，要求在实施西部大开发战略中，加大对贫困妇女的扶持力度，使贫困妇女成为扶贫资源的获得者和扶贫成果的直接受益者。国家扶贫攻坚计划明确提出，要进一步动员贫困地区妇女兴办家庭副业，发展庭院经济；实施劳动密集型和适合妇女特点的扶贫项目；组织妇女学习实用技术，提高脱贫致富能力。2004年在中国上海召开的全球扶贫大会上，中国政府发表缓解和消除贫困的政策声明，强调按照同等优先的原则，积极支持贫困妇女参与实施扶贫项目，妇女参与人数占所有参与人数的比例不低于40%。采取有效措施逐步消除农村妇女贫困。从2001年起，中国政府将性别指标作为农村贫困监测的一项工作内容，强调关注扶贫工作中的性别平等。近年来，国家加大了扶贫资金投入力度，2004年中央财政投入扶贫资金达122亿元，地方政府也相应增加扶贫资金投入。同时，各级政府针对不同地区的具体情况，通过采取开展小额贷款、劳务输出、对口帮扶等渠道和方式扶持贫困地区发展，帮助农村妇女摆脱贫困。2001—2004年，国家扶贫贴息贷款中用于农户小额信贷的总量达到135.2亿元，其中半数以上的承贷人为妇女。从2001年开始，中国政府把参与式扶贫作为“整村推进”工作的主要方法，在全国14.8万个贫困村普遍推行。．．．．．．
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