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Beijing High People's Court Guidelines for the Trial of Copyright Infringement Cases | | 北京市高级人民法院侵害著作权案件审理指南 |
| (English Version) | | （中文版） |
| Beijing High People's Court | | 北京市高级人民法院 |
| Intellectual Property Tribunal | | 知识产权庭 |
| April 20, 2018 | | 2018年4月20日 |
| Chapter I. General Provisions | | 第一章 基本规定 |
| 1.1 Principle of trial | | 1．1 [审理原则] |
| In the trial of copyright infringement cases, the discretion shall be exercised with the aim of enhancing protection of copyright, encouraging creation of works, promoting dissemination of works and balancing the interest among the parties concerned. | | 审理侵害著作权案件，在行使裁量权时，应当加大对著作权的保护力度，鼓励作品的创作，促进作品的传播，平衡各方的利益。 |
| 1.2 Content of trial | | 1．2 [审理内容] |
| In the trial of a copyright infringement case, the court shall generally investigate, inter alia, the cause of action stated by the plaintiff, whether the court has jurisdiction over the case, whether the subject is appropriate, basis and scope of the plaintiff's rights, alleged infringement, whether the defense presented by the defendant is tenable and the method of assumption of civil liabilities by the defendant. | | 审理侵害著作权案件，一般审查如下内容：原告起诉的案由、受理法院是否具有管辖权、主体是否适格、原告的权利基础及范围、被诉侵权行为、被告抗辩事由是否成立、被告承担民事责任的形式。 |
| 1.3 Cause of action | | 1．3 [审查案由] |
| In the same case, if the plaintiff makes claims of both copyright infringement and trademark or patent infringement, such claims may be adjudicated separately subject to the applicable laws regarding jurisdiction. | | 同一案件中，原告既主张侵害著作权又主张侵害商标权、专利权的，可以分案处理，但应当符合有关管辖的法律规定。 |
| 1.4 Cause of action | | 1．4 [审查案由] |
| In the same case, if the plaintiff claims that the same infringement constitutes both a copyright infringement and a violation of Article 2 of the Anti-unfair Competition Law, such claims may be adjudicated together, in which case, if the plaintiff's claims can be upheld pursuant to the Copyright Law, the case shall be tried without applying Article 2 of the Anti-unfair Competition Law; if the plaintiff's claims cannot be upheld pursuant to the Copyright Law but do not conflict with the policies of the Copyright Law, the case may be tried pursuant to Article 2 of the Anti-unfair Competition Law. | | 同一案件中，针对同一被诉侵权行为，原告既主张侵害著作权又主张违反反不正当竞争法第二条的，可以一并审理。如果原告的主张能够依据著作权法获得支持，则不再适用反不正当竞争法第二条进行审理。如果原告的主张不能依据著作权法获得支持，在与著作权法立法政策不冲突时，可以依据反不正当竞争法第二条进行审理。 |
| 1.5 Cause of action | | 1．5 [审查案由] |
| In the same case, if, with respect to a number of alleged acts of infringement involving the same subject, the plaintiff claims that some acts constitute a copyright infringement and some constitute unfair competition, the court shall decide whether or not to adjudicate such claims together according to the specific circumstances of the case. | | 同一案件中，针对同一主体的多个被诉侵权行为，原告主张部分行为侵害著作权、部分行为构成不正当竞争的，可以根据案件情况决定是否一并审理。 |
| 1.6 Object of the plaintiff's rights | | 1．6 [审查权利客体] |
| In investigating the object of the plaintiff's rights, the court shall generally investigate, inter alia, whether the object that the plaintiff petitions to protect is a work or an object of neighboring right, and whether the object falls within the scope of protection of the Copyright Law. | | 审查原告的权利客体，一般审查如下内容：原告主张保护的是否为作品或者是否为邻接权的客体，该客体是否受到我国著作权法保护。 |
| 1.7 Determination of exclusive license | | 1．7 [专有使用权的认定] |
| Where a contract expressly grants an exclusive license, unless there is proof to the contrary, the court may directly determine that the licensee has the right to prohibit the copyright owner from using the works involved to the extent provided in the contract. | | 合同约定授予专有使用权的，可以直接认定被许可使用人在合同约定的范围内有权禁止著作权人使用作品，但有相反证据的除外。 |
| If the contract uses “sole license” or similar expressions, the court shall determine whether the license is exclusive in nature by giving comprehensive consideration to the relevant terms and purpose of the contract, course of dealing and other evidences available in the case. | | 合同中使用“独家使用权”等类似表述的，可以根据合同有关条款、合同目的、交易习惯等，结合在案证据认定是否属于专有使用权。 |
| 1.8 Scope of exclusive license and suit | | 1．8 [专有使用权范围与起诉] |
| Where a copyright owner grants an exclusive license to another person, the licensee and the copyright owner may institute a suit independently or jointly in respect of any infringement falling within the scope of exclusive license. Where the copyright owner proves his/her actual losses, the court shall uphold his/her claim for damages. | | 著作权人将专有使用权授予他人，对于发生在专有使用权范围内的侵权行为，专有使用权人、著作权人均可以单独起诉，也可以共同起诉：著作权人能够证明存在实际损失，主张损害赔偿的，予以支持。 |
| 1.9 Suit instituted by a licensee | | 1．9 [被许可使用人的起诉] |
| Where a licensee has the contractual right to prohibit another person (except the copyright owner) from using the relevant works to the extent as agreed, he/she may institute a suit in respect of any infringement independently, and may apply for participating in the suit that has already been instituted by the copyright owner. | | 被许可使用人根据合同有权在约定范围内禁止他人（不包括著作权人）使用作品的，可以针对侵权行为单独起诉：著作权人已经起诉的，被许可使用人可以申请参加诉讼。 |
| 1.10 “Grant of right of action” | | 1．10 [“授予起诉权利”的审查] |
| Where a copyright owner has not licensed or assigned his/her copyright to another person and has only granted such person the right of action, the suit instituted by such person shall be dismissed. However, a suit instituted by the licensee or assignee independently in respect of any infringement occurred prior to the grant of license or assignment may be accepted to the extent expressly provided in the relevant contract. | | 著作权人未将著作权转让或者许可他人，仅授权他人起诉的，不予支持；但对于转让或者许可之前发生的侵权行为，合同有明确约定的，受让人或者被许可使用人单独起诉，可以予以支持。 |
| 1.11 Suit instituted after the execution of a collective management contract | | 1．11 [签订著作权集体管理合同后的起诉] |
| After the execution of a collective management contract, a copyright owner may not institute a suit in respect of any infringement on any copyright specified in the contract, unless there's evidence that the collective management organization fails to exercise its rights properly or otherwise provided in the collective management contract. | | 签订著作权集体管理合同后，对于侵害合同中约定的著作权权项的行为，著作权人不能提起诉讼，但有证据证明著作权集体管理组织怠于行使权利或者著作权集体管理合同有相反约定的除外。 |
| 1.12 Parties entitled to institute suits in respect of general works of employment | | 1．12 [一般职务作品的起诉主体] |
| With respect to a work of employment in which the author has copyright, if, within two years after the creation thereof, any other person uses such work without the permission of the author's employer and in any manner falling within the business scope of the employer, whether or not incorporated, both the author and the employer may institute a suit against such person independently, and if any other person uses such work without the permission of the author and in any manner not falling within the business scope of the employer, whether or not incorporated, the author may institute a suit against such person independently, and the employer may exercise its right of action if so agreed with the author; where the infringement occurs after the said two-year period, the author may institute a suit against such person independently. With respect to the parties entitled to institute suits in respect of the right of authorship in works of employment, Article 4.6 of these Guidelines shall apply. | | 作者享有著作权的职务作品，职务作品完成两年内，他人未经单位许可，以属于作者所在单位业务范围内的使用方式使用该作品的，作者和所在单位均可以单独起诉：他人未经作者许可，以属于作者所在单位业务范围以外的方式使用作品的，作者可以单独起诉，所在单位可以根据与作者的约定行使诉权；职务作品完成两年后发生侵权行为的，作者可以单独起诉。针对职务作品署名权的起诉主体，适用本指南第4．6条。 |
| 1.13 Parties entitled to institute suits in respect of collective works | | 1．13 [可分割使用的合作作品的起诉主体] |
| With respect to a collective work, each author may claim his/her right in respect of the part created by him/her independently. | | 对于可分割使用的合作作品，作者可以单独对其享有著作权部分主张权利。 |
| 1.14 Parties entitled to institute suits in respect of joint works | | 1．14 [不可分割使用的合作作品的起诉主体] |
| The copyright in a joint work is owned by a number of persons. If the basic information of all of the copyright owners can be verified, all of the copyright owners may institute a suit as co-plaintiffs, provided that any copyright owner who has expressly waived his/her substantive right may be excluded from the suit, and any copyright owner who is unwilling to participate in the suit and has not waived his/her substantive right may still be listed as a co-plaintiff, but his/her absence from the suit shall in no way affect the trial of the case. If the basic information of all of the copyright owners cannot be verified on the basis of the evidences available, the copyright owners whose basic information has been verified may be listed as co-plaintiffs, provided that the relevant share shall be reserved for the copyright owners who have not participated in the suit in the judgment given in favor of the copyright owners. | | 对于不可分割使用的合作作品，如果能够查清权利人基本情况，以全部权利人作为共同原告。明确表示放弃实体权利的权利人，可不予追加：不愿意参加诉讼，又不放弃实体权利的，将其列为共同原告，其不参加诉讼，不影响对案件的审理。如果结合在案证据难以查清权利人基本情况，可以将已查清的部分权利人作为共同原告，但在判决论理部分为未参加诉讼的权利人保留相应的权利份额。 |
| 1.15 Investigation of the scope of right | | 1．15 [审查权利范围] |
| In the trial of a case of copyright infringement, the court shall investigate whether the right claimed by the plaintiff is a copyright or neighboring right and verify the specific claims. | | 审理侵害著作权案件，一般审查原告主张保护的权利是著作权还是邻接权，并要明确具体权项。 |
| 1.16 Investigation of statutory scope of license | | 1．16 [授权内容的法定性审查] |
| Where the rights granted by a copyright owner to a licensee exceed the scope prescribed in the Copyright Law, such agreement shall only be valid between the copyright owner and the licensee, and may not be used by the licensee as the basis for any infringement claim. | | 著作权人授予被许可使用人的权利内容超出著作权法规定的范围，被许可使用人不能以此为依据对外提起侵权之诉。 |
| 1.17 Suits in case of an overlap between liability for breach of contract and liability for infringement | | 1．17 [违约责任与侵权责任竞合时的起诉] |
| Where the rights granted by a copyright owner to a licensee fall within the scope prescribed in the Copyright Law and the contract contains special provisions regarding the ways to exercise such rights, if the licensee breaches such provisions, the copyright owner may institute an infringement action. | | 著作权人授予被许可使用人的权利内容属于著作权法规定的范围，被许可使用人违反合同中关于权利行使方式等约定的，著作权人可以提起侵权之诉。 |
| 1.18 Determination of liability for infringement | | 1．18 [侵权责任的认定] |
| In determining whether an alleged act constitutes an infringement and whether the defendant shall be liable for infringement, the court shall generally investigate, inter alia, the specific circumstances of the alleged act, whether the defendant has committed the alleged act, whether the defendant is at fault, whether the alleged act has caused damages and whether causality exists the alleged act and such damages. | | 认定被诉侵权行为是否构成侵权、被告是否承担侵权责任，一般审查如下内容：被诉侵权行为的内容、被告是否实施了被诉侵权行为、被告有无过错、是否造成损害、被诉侵权行为与损害之间有无因果关系等。 |
| 1.19 Trial of foreign-related suits | | 1．19 [涉外案件的审理] |
| In the trial of a case of copyright infringement, the court shall investigate whether the case is a foreign-related case pursuant to the relevant provisions of the Civil Procedure Law. | | 审理侵害著作权案件时，应当根据民事诉讼法的相关规定确定是否属于涉外案件。 |
| A foreign-related case of copyright infringement shall be tried pursuant to the relevant provisions of the General Principles of Civil Law, the General Provisions of Civil Law, the Copyright Law, the Civil Procedure Law, the Law on the Application of Laws in Foreign-related Civil Cases and the applicable judicial interpretations. | | 对于涉外侵害著作权案件，应当依据民法总则、民法通则、著作权法、民事诉讼法、涉外民事关系法律适用法及相关司法解释等进行审理。 |
| Chapter II. Investigation of Object of Rights | | 第二章 权利客体的审查 |
| 2.1 Investigation into whether the object constitutes a work | | 2．1 [是否构成作品的审查] |
| In the trial of a case of copyright infringement, the court shall investigate whether the object of copyright claimed by the plaintiff constitutes a work, and shall not determine such object constitutes a work solely on the ground that the defendant acknowledges the same. | | 审理侵害著作权案件，需要主动审查原告主张著作权的客体是否构成作品，不能仅根据被告的认可即认定构成作品。 |
| In investigating whether the object of copyright claimed by the plaintiff constitutes a work, the court shall generally take the following factors into consideration: | | 审查原告主张著作权的客体是否构成作品，一般考虑如下因素： |
| (i) whether it is a creation made by a natural person in the field of literature, art and science; | | (1)是否属于在文学、艺术和科学范围内自然人的创作； |
| (ii)(whether it possesses originality; | | (2)是否具有独创性： |
| (iii)(whether it has certain form of expression; | | (3)是否具有一定的表现形式； |
| (iv)whether it is reproducible. | | (4)是否可复制。 |
| 2.2 Determination of originality | | 2．2 [独创性的认定] |
| In determining the originality of an expression, the court shall generally take the following factors into consideration: | | 认定独创性，应当考虑如下因素： |
| (i) whether the expression was independently created by the author; | | (1)是否由作者独立创作完成； |
| (ii)(whether the arrangement of expression manifests the author's selection and judgment. | | (2)对表达的安排是否体现了作者的选择、判断。 |
| The value of an expression shall not be taken into consideration in determining its originality. | | 认定表达是否具备独创性与其价值无关。 |
| 2.3 Determination of “completion of creation” | | 2．3 [创作完成的认定] |
| The creation of a work may be completed in whole or in part. If the part of a work that has been completed can wholly express the author's thought in certain form, the creation of such part may be determined as completed. | | 作品创作完成，既包括整体的创作完成，又包括局部的创作完成。创作完成的部分能够以某种形式完整表达作者的思想，可以认定该部分属于创作完成的作品。 |
| 2.4 Simple graphs, letters and phrases | | 2．4 [简单图形、字母、短语] |
| Simple and common graphs, letters and phrases shall not be protected as works generally. | | 简单的常见图形、字母、短语等一般不作为作品给予保护。 |
| 2.5 Titles and character names used in works | | 2．5 [作品标题、人物称谓] |
| Titles and character names used in works shall not be protected as works generally. | | 作品标题、人物称谓一般不作为作品给予保护。 |
| 2.6 Works of applied art | | 2．6 [实用艺术作品] |
| The part of a work of applied art that is original and has aesthetic qualities may be protected under the Copyright Law as a work of fine art. | | 实用艺术作品中具有独创性的艺术美感部分可以作为美术作品受著作权法保护。 |
| Any protection given to the work under the Patent Law, the Trademark Law or the Anti-unfair Competition Law, as the case may be, shall in no way affect a claim for protection of the part thereof that is original and has aesthetic qualities under the Copyright Law. | | 专利法、商标法、反不正当竞争法能够提供保护的，不影响当事人对其中具有独创性的艺术美感部分主张著作权法保护。 |
| 2.7 Architectural works | | 2．7 [建筑作品] |
| Original artistic design of a building or exterior decoration of a building may be protected under the Copyright Law as an architectural work. | | 建筑物本身或者建筑物的外部附加装饰具有美感的独创性设计，可以作为建筑作品受著作权法的保护。 |
| Building materials, method of construction and functional design shall not be protected under the Copyright Law. | | 建筑材料、建筑方法、功能性设计等不受著作权法保护。 |
| Architectural design drawings may be protected under the Copyright Law to the extent they manifest the aesthetic appearance of the architectural work concerned and constitute a work of fine art. | | 体现建筑作品外观美感的建筑设计图，可以作为美术作品予以保护。 |
| 2.8 Graphic works | | 2．8 [图形作品] |
| Technical solutions, practical functions and method of operation contained in engineering design drawings and product design drawings, and objective geographic elements and facts contained in maps and schematic diagrams shall not be protected under the Copyright Law. | | 工程设计图、产品设计图中包含的技术方案、实用功能、操作方法等，以及地图、示意图中包含的客观地理要素、事实等，不受著作权法保护。 |
| Architectural design drawings for construction use only shall be classified as engineering design drawings. | | 仅用于施工的建筑设计图属于工程设计图。 |
| 2.9 Model works | | 2．9 [模型作品] |
| 3D scale-down or scale-up models of an existing work shall not be classified as model works. | | 根据已有作品制作的等比例缩小或者放大的立体模型不属于模型作品。 |
| 2.10 News report | | 2．10 [新闻报道] |
| News report containing factual news only shall not be protected under the Copyright Law. | | 仅包含单纯事实消息的新闻报道，不受著作权法保护。 |
| News report created on the basis of factual news shall be protected under the Copyright Law to the extent it constitutes a work. | | 在单纯事实消息基础上进行了创作，属于作品的，受著作权法保护。 |
| Factual news recorded and reported by means of photo, drawing, video or otherwise not in writing shall be protected under the Copyright Law to the extent they constitute a work. | | 以摄影、绘画、拍摄等非文字方式记录、报道新闻事实，属于作品的，受著作权法保护。 |
| 2.11 Collated and annotated editions of ancient books | | 2．11 [古籍点校] |
| Collated and annotated editions of ancient books may be protected under the Copyright Law as works to the extent they possess originality. | | 对古籍进行校勘、注解而创作出的校勘记、注释等，满足独创性要求的，可以作为作品受著作权法保护。 |
| Where an ancient book is only divided into paragraphs, punctuated, supplemented or corrected, the court shall determine whether it shall be protected under the Copyright Law as a work or a format design according to the specific circumstances of the case. | | 对古籍仅划分段落、加注标点、补遗、勘误等，应当结合案件情况认定是否作为作品或者作为版式设计受著作权法保护。 |
| 2.12 Video of variety show | | 2．12 [综艺节目视频] |
| Whether a video of variety show constitutes a work shall have nothing to do with whether the variety show itself constitutes a work. | | 综艺节目视频是否构成作品与现场综艺活动是否构成作品无关。 |
| If the video of variety show contains the elements of a work created in a manner similar to cinematographic production, it shall be protected under the Copyright Law. | | 综艺节目视频符合以类似摄制电影的方法创作的作品构成要件的，受著作权法保护。 |
| 2.13 Video of sports event | | 2．13 [体育赛事节目视频] |
| Whether a video of sports event constitutes a work shall have nothing to do with whether the sports event itself constitutes a work. | | 体育赛事节目视频是否构成作品与体育赛事活动是否构成作品无关。 |
| If the video of sports event contains the elements of a work created in a manner similar to cinematographic production, it shall be protected under the Copyright Law. | | 体育赛事节目视频符合以类似摄制电影的方法创作的作品构成要件的，受著作权法保护。 |
| 2.14 Online game | | 2．14 [网络游戏] |
| Static game images produced during online game play shall be protected under the Copyright Law to the extent they contain the elements of a work of fine art. | | 运行网络游戏产生的静态游戏画面符合美术作品要件的，受著作权法保护。 |
| Continuously dynamic game images produced during online game play shall be protected under the Copyright Law to the extent they contain the elements of a work created in a manner similar to cinematographic production. | | 运行网络游戏产生的连续动态游戏画面，符合以类似摄制电影的方法创作的作品构成要件的，受著作权法保护。 |
| Online games may be protected under the Copyright Law as computer software. | | 网络游戏可以作为计算机软件受著作权法保护。 |
| 2.15 Elements of online game | | 2．15 [网络游戏组成要素] |
| The following elements of an online game may constitute a work individually, including but not limited to: | | 网络游戏的组成要素可以单独构成作品，包括但不限于如下情形： |
| (i) characters, costumes, props, maps and settings which may constitute works of fine art; | | （1）人物形象、服装、道具、地图、场景等可以构成美术作品： |
| (ii)(title, ending and interlude music, theme songs and interludes which may constitute musical works; | | （2）片头、片尾及过场音乐，主题歌、插曲等可以构成音乐作品： |
| (iii)(lines, asides, narrations and introduction to game which may constitute literary works; and | | （3）台词、旁白、故事叙述、游戏介绍等可以构成文字作品： |
| (iv)title, ending and interlude cartoons and videos which may constitute works created in a manner similar to cinematographic production. | | （4）头、片尾及过场动画、视频等可以构成以类似摄制电影的方法创作的作品。 |
| 2.16 Object of performer's rights | | 2．16 [表演者权的客体] |
| A performer shall enjoy the performer's rights in each performance given by him/her, regardless of whether such performances have the same content. | | 无论表演的内容是否相同，表演者对其每次的表演均享有表演者权。 |
| Where a performance is given by two or more persons jointly, if such performance can be separated, each performer may enjoy the performer's rights in his/her part of the performance individually, and if such performance cannot be separated, the performer shall jointly enjoy the performer's rights in the performance. | | 二人以上共同表演，如果属于可以分割使用的表演，表演者可单独对其表演享有表演者权。如果属于不可分割使用的，则表演者对表演共同享有表演者权。 |
| Chapter III. Investigation of Ownership | | 第三章 权利归属的审查 |
| 3.1 Proof of ownership | | 3．1 [权属的证明] |
| Unless there is proof to the contrary, the ownership of a work shall be determined according to the name of author identified on the work. | | 在无相反证据的情况下，根据作品的署名推定权利归属。 |
| The drafts, originals, legal publications, copyright registration certificates, certificates issued by competent certification institutions, right transfer contracts, statements of right holders in conformity with the relevant trade practices and the like presented by a party to the case may be admitted as prima facie evidence of the ownership. | | 当事人提供的涉及著作权的底稿、原件、合法出版物、著作权登记证书、认证机构的证明、取得权利的合同、符合行业惯例的权利人声明等可以作为证明权利归属的初步证据。 |
| 3.2 Verification of author's name | | 3．2 [署名的识别] |
| In judging whether a name identified as the author of a work is the real author's name, the court shall give comprehensive consideration to, inter alia, the nature, type and form of expression of the work, trade practice and the public's cognitive habit. | | 在判断某一署名是否属于作者署名时，应当综合考虑如下因素：作品的性质、作品的类型、作品的表现形式、行业惯例、公众的认知习惯等。 |
| 3.3 Corresponding relationship between a non-real name and the author's identity | | 3．3 [非真名署名与作者身份的对应] |
| If the author's name indicated on a work is not his/her real name, the party claiming his/her rights therein shall have the burden to prove the corresponding relationship between such name and the author's identity. | | 作者署非真名时，主张权利的当事人对该署名与作者身份之间存在真实对应关系负有举证证明责任。 |
| In case of a work published on line the author's name indicated on which is not his/her real name, if the party claiming his/her rights therein proves the corresponding relationship between such signature and the author's identity by logging onto the relevant account or otherwise, he/she may be determined as the author. | | 通过互联网发表的作品，作者署非真名的，主张权利的当事人通过登录帐号等方式能够证明该署名与作者之间存在真实对应关系的，可以推定其为作者。 |
| 3.4 Determination of ownership of an interim group's work | | 3．4 [临时创作组织作品权属的认定] |
| In case of a work whose author is indicated as an editorial board or other interim group, the court shall determine that its members jointly enjoy the ownership of the work unless there is proof to the contrary. | | 编委会等临时创作组织署名的作品，一般认定创作组织成员共同享有著作权，但有相反证据的除外。 |
| 3.5 Determination of ownership of digital pictures | | 3．5 [数码照片权属的认定] |
| If a party presents original digital files, publications and other evidences to prove his/her ownership of digital pictures, which are challenged by the other party, the court shall determine the ownership by giving comprehensive consideration to, inter alia, the publication of, cameras used to take and storage devices of such pictures, and information of the related electronic files. | | 当事人提交原始数字文件、出版物等证据证明其权利归属，对方提出异议的，应当综合考虑如下因素：照片发表情况、照片拍摄器材、照片存储设备、电子文件信息等。 |
| 3.6 Determination of ownership of works of employment | | 3．6 [职务作品权属的认定] |
| Where an entity, whether or not incorporated, claims its ownership of a work of employment pursuant to Article 16 Paragraph 2 Sub-paragraph 1 of the Copyright Law, the entity shall have the burden to prove such work was created mainly using its materials and technology. | | 法人或者非法人组织根据著作权法第十六条第二款第一项主张职务作品著作权的，应举证证明该作品主要是利用法人或者非法人组织的物质技术条件完成创作的。 |
| 3.7 Determination of ownership of commissioned works | | 3．7 [委托作品权属的认定] |
| The ownership of a commissioned work shall be determined according to the relevant service contract. In the absence of the relevant or express provisions in such service contract, the agent shall enjoy the copyright in the commissioned work. | | 对于委托作品的权属，依据委托合同认定。委托合同未约定或者约定不明的，委托作品的著作权由受托人享有。 |
| With respect to the agreement between the principal and the agent regarding the exercise of moral rights, if such agreement does not violate the public order and good morals, the court may not hold such agreement as invalid, but shall conduct investigations according to the specific content of such agreement. | | 受托人与委托人对著作人身权的行使进行约定，未违反公序良俗的，不宜一概认定无效，可以根据合同内容进行审查。 |
| 3.8 Ownership of works created using elements or raw materials of folk literature or art | | 3．8 [利用民间文学艺术元素或者素材创作的作品权属] |
| Where an author creates an original work using elements or raw materials of any folk literature or art, the author shall enjoy copyright in the work, provided that he/she shall indicate the source of raw materials. | | 利用民间文学艺术的元素或者素材进行后续创作，形成具有独创性作品的，作者对该作品享有著作权，但应说明素材的来源。 |
| 3.9 Authorship of phonograms | | 3．9 [录音制品的署名] |
| The information of producer, recorder or other civil subjects marked with ? as clearly set out on a recording presented by a party to the case may be admitted as prima facie evidence that he/she is the producer of the phonogram unless there is proof to the contrary. | | 当事人提供的录音制品明确载明的制作者、录制者或者加注?的民事主体信息，可以作为证明其为录音制作者的初步证据，但有相反证据的除外。 |
| In the absence of other evidence, the person owning the copyright as indicated on the phonogram may not be determined as the producer of the phonogram. | | 在无其他证据佐证的情况下，不能仅根据录音制品上标注的“提供版权”信息，认定该“提供版权”的主体为录音制作者。 |
| 3.10 Determination of ownership involving multiple licenses or assignments | | 3．10 [多重许可、转让的权属判断] |
| Where a copyright owner grants any copyright or license to an assign or licensee by contract, the copyright owner may not dispose of the rights granted under the contract to any other person. | | 受让人或者被许可使用人通过合同取得约定的著作权或者专有使用权，著作权人在合同约定范围内就相同的权利再次处分的，不予支持。 |
| Where a copyright owner assigns or licenses the same right to a number of persons, if the order of grant of such right can be found out, the first assign or license shall enjoy the copyright or license, as the case may be, unless there is proof to the contrary. | | 著作权人对相同权利重复进行转让或者许可的，在能够查清先后顺序的真实情况下，认定在先受让人或者被许可使用人取得著作权或者专有使用权，但有相反证据的除外。 |
| Chapter IV. Determination of Infringement of Moral Rights | | 第四章 侵害著作人身权的认定 |
| 4.1 Right of publication and contract | | 4．1 [发表权与合同约定] |
| Where a contract only provides for the exercise of the right of publication by the defendant, but does not provide for the method of publication, the plaintiff's claim that the defendant's method of publication constitutes an infringement on its right of publication shall be dismissed. | | 合同仅约定被告行使发表权，但未对发表方式进行约定的，原告主张被告的发表方式侵害发表权的，不予支持。 |
| Where the plaintiff claims that the defendant's method of publication of his/her works goes against his/her wishes, the plaintiff may institute an infringement action or a contract action. | | 被告发表作品方式违反合同约定的，原告可以提起违约之诉或者侵权之诉。 |
| 4.2 Presumed consent to publication | | 4．2 [推定发表的情形] |
| Where an author transfers to another person the original of a work of fine art that has not been published, it can be presumed that the author has given consent to the publication of the work by the defendant by means of exhibition, unless otherwise agreed by the parties. | | 作者将其尚未公开发表的美术作品原件转让给他人，可以推定作者同意受让人以展览方式发表其作品，但双方另有约定的除外。 |
| 4.3 The right of publication is a one-off right | | 4．3 [发表权属于一次性权利] |
| Even if a work is published without the consent of its copyright owner, after the work has been made public, the copyright owner's claim that any other person's use of the work constitutes an infringement on his/her right of publication shall be dismissed. | | 即使作品的发表未经著作权人同意，但作品已经公之于众，他人使用该作品，著作权人主张侵害发表权的，不予支持。 |
| 4.4 Right of authorship | | 4．4 [署名权的内容] |
| An author shall have the right to decide whether or not identify him/her as the author or use his/her real name on his/her work, and shall have the same right in any derivative work of his/her work. | | 作者有权决定在其作品上是否署名、是否署真名。对于该作品的演绎作品，作者享有相同的权利。 |
| The failure of an author of a work to identify him/her as its author when the work is published for the first time shall not constitute a waiver of his/her right of authorship in the work. | | 作者未在首次发表的作品上署名的，不能视为其放弃署名权。 |
| 4.5 Investigation of the method of attribution of authorship | | 4．5 [署名方式的审查思路] |
| In judging whether the right of authorship has been infringed in a case of disputes arising from the method of attribution of authorship, the court shall generally take the following factors into consideration: | | 因署名方式发生的纠纷，判断是否侵害署名权，一般考虑如下因素： |
| (i) whether the method of attribution of authorship is sufficient to inform the public of the relationship between the author and the work; | | (1)署名方式是否足以使公众知晓作者与作品之间的联系； |
| (ii) whether the method of attribution of authorship conforms to the trade practice and the public's cognitive habit; | | (2)署名方式是否符合行业惯例及公众的认知习惯； |
| (iii) the type, characteristics and method of use of the work; and | | (3)作品的类型、特点以及使用方式： |
| (iv) whether there's any agreement between the parties involved. | | (4)当事人之间是否存在约定。 |
| 4.6 Exercise of the right of authorship in works of employment | | 4．6 [职务作品署名权的行使] |
| The right of authorship in a work of employment shall be owned by its author, and any claim of infringement of the right of authorship lodged by the entity (whether or not incorporated) shall be dismissed. | | 职务作品的署名权归作者享有，法人或者非法人组织就侵害署名权的行为提起诉讼的，不予支持。 |
| 4.7 Use of content of a work and infringement of the right of authorship | | 4．7 [使用作品内容与侵害署名权] |
| Whether the defendant's act constitutes an infringement of the right of authorship shall be determined on the basis of the fact whether the defendant has directly used the content of the work involved. | | 判断被告行为是否侵害署名权，应当以被告直接使用作品内容为前提。 |
| 4.8 Judgment on infringement of the right of integrity of protected works | | 4．8 [侵害保护作品完整权的判断] |
| In judging whether the right of integrity of a protected work has been infringed, the court shall give comprehensive consideration to, inter alia, whether the defendant has been authorized to use the work, the degree of modification to the work by the defendant, and whether the act of the defendant has caused damages to the work or the author's reputation. | | 判断是否侵害保护作品完整权，应当综合考虑被告使用作品的行为是否获得授权、被告对作品的改动程度、被告的行为是否对作品或者作者声誉造成损害等因素。 |
| After an author has licensed or assigned the copyright in his/her work to another person, the user may make reasonable modifications to the work according to the nature, purpose and method of use of the work. | | 作者将其著作权转让或者许可他人之后，受让人或者被许可使用人根据作品的性质、使用目的、使用方式可以对作品进行合理限度内的改动。 |
| In judging whether any modification to a work is reasonable, the court shall give comprehensive consideration to, inter alia, the type, characteristics, pattern of creation and method of use of the work, applicable policies, agreement between the parties involved, trade practices and whether such modification has caused damages to the work or the author's reputation. | | 判断是否属于在合理限度内的改动，应当综合考虑作品的类型、特点及创作规律、使用方式、相关政策、当事人约定、行业惯例以及是否对作品或者作者声誉造成损害等因素。 |
| Chapter V. Determination of Infringement of Property Right | | 第五章 侵害著作财产权的认定 |
| 5.1 Acts subject to the right of reproduction | | 5．1 [复制权控制的行为] |
| Any act that reproduces a plane work into another plane or 3D work, or a 3D work into another plane or 3D work without making any original effort shall be deemed as reproduction. | | 将作品实现从平面到平面、从平面到立体、从立体到平面、从立体到立体的再现，未付出独创性劳动的，属于复制。 |
| The construction of an architectural work based on architectural design drawings shall be deemed as reproduction. | | 按照建筑设计图建造建筑作品，属于复制。 |
| The construction or production of any non-copyrightable project or product based on engineering design drawings or product design drawings shall not be deemed as reproduction. | | 按照工程设计图或者产品设计图施工或者生产不受著作权法保护的工程或者产品，不属于复制。 |
| Where any person reproduces another person's work without permission but has not distributed or otherwise disseminated the work, his/her act shall constitute an infringement of the right of reproduction, unless otherwise provided by the law. | | 未经许可复制他人作品但未发行或者以其他方式传播的，构成侵害复制权，但法律另有规定的除外。 |
| 5.2 Acts subject to the right of distribution | | 5．2 [发行权控制的行为] |
| Any act that makes the original or copy of a work available to the public by sale or donation shall be subject to the right of distribution, even if such act is not conducted for profit. | | 发行权控制的是以出售、赠与方式向公众提供作品原件或者复制件的行为，不要求以营利为目的。 |
| 5.3 Exhaustion of the right of distribution | | 5．3 [发行权的用尽] |
| Where the ownership of the original or authorized legal copy of a work has been transferred for the first time by sale or donation with the permission of its copyright owner, the re-distribution of such original or copy by any other person shall not constitute an infringement of the right of distribution. | | 作品原件和经授权合法制作的作品复制件经著作权人许可，首次以销售或者赠与方式转让所有权后，他人对该特定原件或者复制件再次发行的，不构成侵害发行权。 |
| 5.4 Determination of infringement of the exclusive right of publication | | 5．4 [侵害专有出版权的认定] |
| In respect of a work in which another person enjoys exclusive right of publication, publication of the whole work or any substantial part thereof, or another work with the same or substantially similar content as the said work with only difference in the arrangement of content, in each case without permission, shall constitute an infringement of the exclusive right of publication. | | 未经许可出版他人享有专有出版权的作品的全部或者主要部分的，或者虽然排列顺序有所变化但作品内容相同或者实质性相似的，构成侵害专有出版权。 |
| ．．．．．． | | ．．．．．． |
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