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| Announcement of the Supreme People's Court of the People's Republic of China | | 中华人民共和国最高人民法院公告 |
| Interpretation (I) by the Supreme People's Court on Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Cases Involving Disputes over Construction Contracts for Construction Projects, as adopted at the 1825th Session of the Adjudication Committee of the Supreme People's Court on December 25, 2020, is hereby issued with effect from January 1, 2021. | | 《最高人民法院关于审理建设工程施工合同纠纷案件适用法律问题的解释（一）》已于2020年12月25日由最高人民法院审判委员会第1825次会议通过，现予公布，自2021年1月1日起施行。 |
December 29, 2020 | | 2020年12月29日 |
| Interpretation (I) by the Supreme People's Court on Issues Concerning the Application of Law in the Trial of Cases Involving Disputes over Construction Contracts for Construction Projects | | 最高人民法院关于审理建设工程施工合同纠纷案件适用法律问题的解释（一） |
| (SPC Interpretation No. 25 [2020], adopted at the 1825th Session of the Adjudication Committee of the Supreme People's Court on December 25, 2020, and taking effect on January 1, 2021) | | （法释〔2020〕25号） |
| For the purposes of properly trying cases involving disputes over construction contracts for construction projects, protecting the lawful rights and interests of the parties according to the law, maintaining the order of the construction market, and promoting the sound development of the construction market, this Interpretation is developed in accordacne with the Civil Code of the People's Republic of China, the Buildings Law of the People's Republic of China, the Bidding Law of the People's Republic of China, the Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China and other laws and regulations, and in consideration of the trial practice. | | 为正确审理建设工程施工合同纠纷案件，依法保护当事人合法权益，维护建筑市场秩序，促进建筑市场健康发展，根据《中华人民共和国民法典》《中华人民共和国建筑法》《中华人民共和国招标投标法》《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》等相关法律规定，结合审判实践，制定本解释。 |
| Article 1 A construction contract for a construction project under any of the following circumstances shall be determined as void in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 153 of the Civil Code: | | 第一条 建设工程施工合同具有下列情形之一的，应当依据民法典第一百五十三条第一款的规定，认定无效： |
| (1) The contractor has not obtained the qualification for a construction enterprise or has exceeded the qualification level. | | （一）承包人未取得建筑业企业资质或者超越资质等级的； |
| (2) The actual constructor without qualification borrows the name of a qualified construction enterprise. | | （二）没有资质的实际施工人借用有资质的建筑施工企业名义的； |
| (3) Bidding invitation must be conducted for a construction project, but it is not conducted, or the bid winning is void. | | （三）建设工程必须进行招标而未招标或者中标无效的。 |
| A construction contract for a construction project signed by the contractor with another person due to subcontracting or illegal subcontracting of the construction project shall be determined as void according to the provisions of paragraph 1 of Article 153 and paragraphs 2 and 3 of Article 791. | | 承包人因转包、违法分包建设工程与他人签订的建设工程施工合同，应当依据民法典第一百五十三条第一款及第七百九十一条第二款、第三款的规定，认定无效。 |
| Article 2 In the event of any discrepancy between the construction contract for construction project otherwise signed by and between an employer and a bid winner in respect of the scope of project, construction period, project quality, project cost or any other substantive content, the people's court shall support either party's request for determining the rights and obligations according to the awarded contract. | | 第二条 招标人和中标人另行签订的建设工程施工合同约定的工程范围、建设工期、工程质量、工程价款等实质性内容，与中标合同不一致，一方当事人请求按照中标合同确定权利义务的，人民法院应予支持。 |
| Where an employer and a bid winner otherwise enter into a contract on purchase of a constructed house at a price obviously higher than the market price, free construction of house supporting facilities, surrender of profits, and donation of property to the construction entity, among others, for reducing the project cost in a disguised manner, the people's court shall support either party's request for confirming invalidity of a contract on the grounds of the contract's deviation from the substantive content of the awarded contract. | | 招标人和中标人在中标合同之外就明显高于市场价格购买承建房产、无偿建设住房配套设施、让利、向建设单位捐赠财物等另行签订合同，变相降低工程价款，一方当事人以该合同背离中标合同实质性内容为由请求确认无效的，人民法院应予支持。 |
| Article 3 The people's court shall support either party's request for confirming invalidity of a construction contract for construction project on the ground of failure of the contract-issuing party to obtain the construction project planning permit and undergo other planning approval formalities, unless the contract-issuing party obtains the construction project planning permit and undergoes other planning approval formalities before a prosecution is initiated. | | 第三条 当事人以发包人未取得建设工程规划许可证等规划审批手续为由，请求确认建设工程施工合同无效的，人民法院应予支持，但发包人在起诉前取得建设工程规划许可证等规划审批手续的除外。 |
| The people's court shall not support the request of any contract-issuing party that can undergo the approval formalities, but fails to undergo the formalities for confirming invalidity of a construction contract for construction project on the grounds of failure to undergo the approval formalities. | | 发包人能够办理审批手续而未办理，并以未办理审批手续为由请求确认建设工程施工合同无效的，人民法院不予支持。 |
| Article 4 Where a contractor signs a construction contract for construction project beyond the business scope corresponding to the qualification level, and obtains the corresponding qualification level before the completion of the construction project, the people's court shall not support either party's request for determining the contract to be invalid. | | 第四条 承包人超越资质等级许可的业务范围签订建设工程施工合同，在建设工程竣工前取得相应资质等级，当事人请求按照无效合同处理的，人民法院不予支持。 |
| Article 5 For a contract on subcontracting of labor services signed by and between the contractor with the statutory qualifications for labor operation and the general contractor or subcontractor, the people's court shall not support either party's request for determining the contract to be invalid. | | 第五条 具有劳务作业法定资质的承包人与总承包人、分包人签订的劳务分包合同，当事人请求确认无效的，人民法院依法不予支持。 |
| Article 6 Where a construction contract for construction project is invalidated, a party requesting the other party to compensate for the loss shall assume the burden of proof for the other party's default, amount of loss and causal relationship between the default and the loss. | | 第六条 建设工程施工合同无效，一方当事人请求对方赔偿损失的，应当就对方过错、损失大小、过错与损失之间的因果关系承担举证责任。 |
| Where the amount of loss cannot be determined and a party requests determination of the amount of loss according to the quality standard, construction period, time for payment of the project cost, and other content, mutatis mutandis to, the agreement of the contract, the people's court may render judgment, in consideration of the degree of the two parties' fault, the causal relationship between the fault and loss, and other factors. | | 损失大小无法确定，一方当事人请求参照合同约定的质量标准、建设工期、工程价款支付时间等内容确定损失大小的，人民法院可以结合双方过错程度、过错与损失之间的因果关系等因素作出裁判。 |
| Article 7 Where an unqualified entity or individual enters into a construction contract for construction project in the name of a qualified construction entity by borrowing qualification, the people's court shall support the contract-issuing party's request for assumption of joint and several compensation liability by the lender and borrower for unacceptable project quality and other losses arising from lending of qualification. | | 第七条 缺乏资质的单位或者个人借用有资质的建筑施工企业名义签订建设工程施工合同，发包人请求出借方与借用方对建设工程质量不合格等因出借资质造成的损失承担连带赔偿责任的，人民法院应予支持。 |
| Article 8 In the case of any dispute between the parties over the commencement date of a construction project, the people's court shall determine the date respectively under the following circumstances: | | 第八条 当事人对建设工程开工日期有争议的，人民法院应当分别按照以下情形予以认定： |
| (1) The commencement date shall be that specified in the commencement notice sent by the contract-issuing party or the supervisor; after the commencement notice is issued and the commencement conditions are not met, the commencement date shall be the time when the commencement conditions are met; and where the commencement time is delayed due to reasons attributable to the contractor, the time specified in the commencement notice shall be the commencement date. | | （一）开工日期为发包人或者监理人发出的开工通知载明的开工日期；开工通知发出后，尚不具备开工条件的，以开工条件具备的时间为开工日期；因承包人原因导致开工时间推迟的，以开工通知载明的时间为开工日期。 |
| (2) Where a contractor has actually entered the site for construction with consent of the contract-issuing party, the actual date of entry shall be the commencement date. | | （二）承包人经发包人同意已经实际进场施工的，以实际进场施工时间为开工日期。 |
| (3) Where a contract-issuing party or a supervisor fails to issue a commencement notice and there is no relevant evidence proving the actual commencement date, the commencement date shall be determined according to the time specified in the commencement report, contract, construction permit, completion acceptance report or completion acceptance registration form, in consideration of the fact whether the commencement conditions are met. | | （三）发包人或者监理人未发出开工通知，亦无相关证据证明实际开工日期的，应当综合考虑开工报告、合同、施工许可证、竣工验收报告或者竣工验收备案表等载明的时间，并结合是否具备开工条件的事实，认定开工日期。 |
| Article 9 In the case of any dispute between the parties over the date of substantial completion of a construction project, the people's court shall determine the date respectively under the following circumstances: | | 第九条 当事人对建设工程实际竣工日期有争议的，人民法院应当分别按照以下情形予以认定： |
| (1) Where a construction project has passed the completion acceptance, the date of completion acceptance shall be the completion date. | | （一）建设工程经竣工验收合格的，以竣工验收合格之日为竣工日期； |
| (2) Where a contractor has filed a completion acceptance report, and the contract-issuing party delays the acceptance, the date on which the contractor files the acceptance report shall be the completion date. | | （二）承包人已经提交竣工验收报告，发包人拖延验收的，以承包人提交验收报告之日为竣工日期； |
| (3) Where a contract-issuing party uses a construction project having not passed the completion acceptance without permission, the date of transfer or occupation of the construction project shall be the completion date. | | （三）建设工程未经竣工验收，发包人擅自使用的，以转移占有建设工程之日为竣工日期。 |
| Article 10 The parties agree that the postponement of the construction period shall be confirmed by the contract-issuing party or supervisor by issuing certificates and other methods, a contractor, though without confirmation for postponement of the construction period, is able to prove that it has applied to the contract-issuing party or supervisor for postponement of the construction period within the time limit agreed in the contract and the grounds for postponement comply with the contract, the people's court shall support the contractor's request for postponement of the construction period. | | 第十条 当事人约定顺延工期应当经发包人或者监理人签证等方式确认，承包人虽未取得工期顺延的确认，但能够证明在合同约定的期限内向发包人或者监理人申请过工期顺延且顺延事由符合合同约定，承包人以此为由主张工期顺延的，人民法院应予支持。 |
| ．．．．．． | | 当事人约定承包人未在约定期限内提出工期顺延申请视为工期不顺延的，按照约定处理，但发包人在约定期限后同意工期顺延或者承包人提出合理抗辩的除外。 |
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