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Decision of the State Council on Vigorously Developing the Vocational Education
[Effective]
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国务院关于大力发展职业教育的决定
[现行有效]
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【法宝引证码】
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Decision of the State Council on Vigorously Developing the vocational education
(No. 35 [2005] of the State Council)
The people's governments of all provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government and all the ministries and commissions and all the affiliated institutions of the State Council:
Since the national work meeting of vocational education was held in 2002, all regions and departments have earnestly implemented the Decision of the State Council on Vigorously Promoting the Reform and Development of vocational education (No. 16 [2002] of the State Council) and have intensified the leadership of and support for the work of vocational education so that the reform and development of vocational education on the employment-oriented basis is gradually becoming a common view of the society, the scale of the vocational education has been further expanded, and the functionary ability of the vocational education to serve the economy and society has been obviously intensified. However, from a general point of view, the vocational education is still a weak link in our education undertaking with unbalanced development, inadequate input, comparatively poor conditions for school running, whereby the school-running mechanism as well as the scale, structure and quality of talent training cannot meet the requirements of the social development. In order to further implement and carry into effect the Law of the People's Republic of China on vocational education and the Labor Law of the People's Republic of China, meet the pressing requirements for high-quality laborers and skilled talents in the building of an overall well-off society, and promote the construction of a harmonious socialist society, we hereby make the following decisions on vigorously developing the vocational education:
| | 国务院关于大力发展职业教育的决定
（国发[2005]35号）
各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府，国务院各部委、各直属机构：
2002年全国职业教育工作会议以来，各地区、各部门认真贯彻《国务院关于大力推进职业教育改革与发展的决定》（国发[2002]16号），加强了对职业教育工作的领导和支持，以就业为导向改革与发展职业教育逐步成为社会共识，职业教育规模进一步扩大，服务经济社会的能力明显增强。但从总体上看，职业教育仍然是我国教育事业的薄弱环节，发展不平衡，投入不足，办学条件比较差，办学机制以及人才培养的规模、结构、质量还不能适应经济社会发展的需要。为了进一步贯彻落实《中华人民共和国职业教育法》和《中华人民共和国劳动法》，适应全面建设小康社会对高素质劳动者和技能型人才的迫切要求，促进社会主义和谐社会建设，现就大力发展职业教育作出如下决定：
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1.Carrying into Effect the Scientific Concept of Development and Regarding the Development of vocational education as an Important Basis for the Economic and Social Development as well as a Strategic Focus in the Work of Education
| | 一、落实科学发展观，把发展职业教育作为经济社会发展的重要基础和教育工作的战略重点
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(1)Vigorously developing the vocational education and accelerating the development of human resources is a significant step to carry into effect the strategy of revitalizing China through science and education and the strategy of reinvigorating China through human resource development, promote the progress on a new way to industrialization, solve the issues concerning “agriculture, countryside and farmers” and promote the employment and re-employment; is an important means to elevate the national quality in an overall manner, convert the pressure of a large population into an advantage of human resources, elevate our comprehensive national strength and build a harmonious society; and is an imperative requirement to implement the educational guidelines of the CPC Communist Party, observe the educational rules and realize a sustainable development of the educational undertaking in an overall and harmonious manner. Under the new situation, the people's governments at all levels shall, under the guidance of the Deng Xiaoping Theory and the importance thought of “Three Represents”, carry into effect the scientific concept of development and closely combine the acceleration of the vocational education, especially the development of the secondary vocational education, and the prosperity of economy, promotion of employment, elimination of poverty, maintenance of stability and construction of advanced culture, intensify the sense of imminence and commitment, adopt effective measures and vigorously promote the sound and fast development of the vocational education.
| | （一）大力发展职业教育，加快人力资源开发，是落实科教兴国战略和人才强国战略，推进我国走新型工业化道路、解决“三农”问题、促进就业再就业的重大举措；是全面提高国民素质，把我国巨大人口压力转化为人力资源优势，提升我国综合国力、构建和谐社会的重要途径；是贯彻党的教育方针，遵循教育规律，实现教育事业全面协调可持续发展的必然要求。在新形势下，各级人民政府要以邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想为指导，落实科学发展观，把加快职业教育、特别是加快中等职业教育发展与繁荣经济、促进就业、消除贫困、维护稳定、建设先进文化紧密结合起来，增强紧迫感和使命感，采取强有力措施，大力推动职业教育快速健康发展。
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(2)We should clarify the objective of the reform and development of the vocational education. We should further establish and improve a flexible, open and freely-developed modern vocational education system with Chinese characteristics in a reasonable structure and diverse forms, which, by means of school-enterprise cooperation and knowledge-practice combination, meets the requirements of the socialist market economic system, satisfies the life-long study requirements of the people and is closely related to market demand as well as labor and employment.
In the 11th 5-year period, we should continue improving the multiple school-running pattern of “leadership of government, dependence on enterprises, full exertion of industrial functions, active participation of all the social walks and joint development of public and private schools” and the administrative system of “ under the leadership of the State Council and on the basis of the classified administration, the local governments' major role, the Central Government's overall arrangement and the participation of all social walks”.
By 2010, the enrollment scale of the secondary vocational education shall have reached 8 million, which is, on the whole, equal to the enrollment scale of common senior high schools. The higher vocational education shall have constituted more than 50% that of the higher education. During the 11th 5-year period, the vocational education shall have supplied to the society more than 25 million secondary vocational school graduates and more than 11 million higher vocational institution graduates. The occupational trainings in diversified forms shall have been further developed, which may train more than a billion urban and rural laborers each year, so that the quality of our laborers is obviously elevated. The school-running conditions of the vocational education shall have been universally improved, the construction of faculty contingents shall have been further intensified and the quality and benefits shall have been obviously elevated.
| | （二）明确职业教育改革发展的目标。进一步建立和完善适应社会主义市场经济体制，满足人民群众终身学习需要，与市场需求和劳动就业紧密结合，校企合作、工学结合，结构合理、形式多样，灵活开放、自主发展，有中国特色的现代职业教育体系。
“十一五”期间，继续完善“政府主导、依靠企业、充分发挥行业作用、社会力量积极参与，公办与民办共同发展”的多元办学格局和“在国务院领导下，分级管理、地方为主、政府统筹、社会参与”的管理体制。
到2010年，中等职业教育招生规模达到800万人，与普通高中招生规模大体相当；高等职业教育招生规模占高等教育招生规模的一半以上。“十一五”期间，为社会输送2500多万名中等职业学校毕业生，1100多万名高等职业院校毕业生。各种形式的职业培训进一步发展，每年培训城乡劳动者上亿人次，使我国劳动者的素质得到明显提高。职业教育办学条件普遍改善，师资队伍建设进一步加强，质量效益明显提高。
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II. Setting a Tenet of Serving the Construction of Socialist Modernization and Forging Hundreds of Millions of High-quality Laborers and Millions of Special Skilled Talents
| | 二、以服务社会主义现代化建设为宗旨，培养数以亿计的高素质劳动者和数以千万计的高技能专门人才
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(3)The vocational education shall serve our progress on the new way of industrialization, adjustment of the economic structure and transformation of growth mode. We should implement the national training projects of skilled talents and accelerate the training of skilled talents as badly needed by the frontlines of production and services, especially the training of high-quality and special skilled talents badly needed by the modern manufacturing industry and the modern service industry. All the regions and departments shall, according to the requirements in the development of the regional economy and industries, formulate the regional and industrial training plans for skilled talents.
| | （三）职业教育要为我国走新型工业化道路，调整经济结构和转变增长方式服务。实施国家技能型人才培养培训工程，加快生产、服务一线急需的技能型人才的培养，特别是现代制造业、现代服务业紧缺的高素质高技能专门人才的培养。各地区、各部门要根据区域经济和行业发展需要，制订地方和行业技能型人才培养规划。
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(4)The vocational education shall serve the transfer of rural laborers. We should implement the national training projects for the transfer of rural laborers, promote the transfer of rural laborers in a reasonable and orderly manner and help farmers get out of poverty and become rich, elevate the occupational skills of rural migrant workers who seek jobs in cities and help them enjoy the stable employment in cities.
| | （四）职业教育要为农村劳动力转移服务。实施国家农村劳动力转移培训工程，促进农村劳动力合理有序转移和农民脱贫致富，提高进城农民工的职业技能，帮助他们在城镇稳定就业。
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(5)The vocational education shall serve the construction of new socialist villages. We should continue intensifying the overall planning for “basic education, vocational education and adult education” in rural areas, promote the combination of “agriculture, science and education”, implement the training projects of rural practical talents and bring into full play the functions of all kinds of rural vocational schools, adult cultural and technical schools as well as all kinds of training organizations for the application of agricultural techniques. We should forge the rural practical talents and skilled talents on a large basis, popularize the advanced and applicable techniques in a wide range and vigorously elevate the ideology and morality as well as the scientific and cultural quality of farmers.
| | （五）职业教育要为建设社会主义新农村服务。继续强化农村“三教”统筹，促进“农科教”结合。实施农村实用人才培训工程，充分发挥农村各类职业学校、成人文化技术学校以及各种农业技术推广培训机构的作用，大范围培养农村实用型人才和技能型人才，大面积普及农业先进实用技术，大力提高农民思想道德和科学文化素质。
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(6)The vocational education shall serve the elevation of laborers' quality, especially the occupational abilities thereof. We should carry out the training projects of adult further education and of re-employment focusing on the elevation of occupational abilities, establish an educational and training system with combination of knowledge and practice for employers in enterprises, carry out the common and lasting cultural education and technical trainings among the incumbent employers, accelerate the training of senior skilled workers and technicians and build up study-oriented enterprises. The occupational institutions and training organizations shall serve the employment and re-employment, and, being geared to the junior or senior high school graduates, urban unemployed personnel as well as rural migrant laborers, carry out the trainings of occupational skills and business setup in diversified forms so as to elevate their abilities to hunt jobs, work, change jobs and set up their own business. We should vigorously develop community education and distance education, by such diversified means of self-study examinations and holding the night schools or weekend schools, to meet the diversified study requirements of the people. We should establish an “overpass” that communicates and links up the vocational education and any other education so as to develop the vocational education into an important link in the life-long education system and to promote the establishment of a study-oriented society.
| | （六）职业教育要为提高劳动者素质特别是职业能力服务。实施以提高职业技能为重点的成人继续教育和再就业培训工程，在企业中建立工学结合的职工教育和培训体系，面向在职职工开展普遍的、持续的文化教育和技术培训，加快培养高级工和技师，建设学习型企业。职业院校和培训机构要为就业再就业服务，面向初高中毕业生、城镇失业人员、农村转移劳动力，开展各种形式的职业技能培训和创业培训，提高他们的就业能力、工作能力、职业转换能力以及创业能力。大力发展社区教育、远程教育，通过自学考试和举办夜校、周末学校等多种形式满足人民群众多样化的学习需求。建立职业教育与其他教育相互沟通和衔接的“立交桥”，使职业教育成为终身教育体系的重要环节，促进学习型社会建立。
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III Insisting on the Orientation of Employment and Further Carrying out the Teaching Reform in the vocational education
| | 三、坚持以就业为导向，深化职业教育教学改革
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(7)We should promote the transformation of the school-running concept in the vocational education. We should, based on the school-running guidelines of “making services as the tenet and employment as the orientation” in the vocational education, actively promote the transformation of the vocational education from planned training to market drive, promote the transformation of the direct control of the government to the macro guidance thereof and promote the transformation of the traditional orientation of entering a higher school to the orientation of employment. We should promote the close combination of the teaching of the vocational education and the production practice, technical popularization and social services, actively carry out the order trainings, intensify the occupational guidance and the education of business setup, establish and improve a service system for the employment and business setup of vocational school graduates and promote the vocational schools to run their schooling based on the orientation of the society and market.
| | （七）推进职业教育办学思想的转变。坚持“以服务为宗旨、以就业为导向”的职业教育办学方针，积极推动职业教育从计划培养向市场驱动转变，从政府直接管理向宏观引导转变，从传统的升学导向向就业导向转变。促进职业教育教学与生产实践、技术推广、社会服务紧密结合，积极开展订单培养，加强职业指导和创业教育，建立和完善职业院校毕业生就业和创业服务体系，推动职业院校更好地面向社会、面向市场办学。
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(8)We should further carry out the teaching reform in education. We should, according to the requirements of the market and society, incessantly renovate the teaching contents and improve the teaching methods. We should adjust the structure of specialties and vigorously develop the disciplines that meet the requirements of new industries and modern service industries and vigorously promote the development of fine subjects, fine courses and textbooks. We should accelerate the establishment of a flexible study system and gradually apply a credit system and an elective system. We should accelerate the informatization construction of the vocational education and promote the application of modern educational techniques in the education and teaching. We should make the occupational ethnics, occupational abilities and employment rate as important indicators in the assessment of the teaching work of vocational schools. We should gradually establish the relevant standards and systems of talent training, selection and assessment according to the features of the vocational education, which are distinguished from the general education.
．．．．．． | | （八）进一步深化教育教学改革。根据市场和社会需要，不断更新教学内容，改进教学方法。合理调整专业结构，大力发展面向新兴产业和现代服务业的专业，大力推进精品专业、精品课程和教材建设。加快建立弹性学习制度，逐步推行学分制和选修制。加强职业教育信息化建设，推进现代教育技术在教育教学中的应用。把学生的职业道德、职业能力和就业率作为考核职业院校教育教学工作的重要指标。逐步建立有别于普通教育的，具有职业教育特点的人才培养、选拔与评价的标准和制度。
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