Order of the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress
(No.12)
The Economic Contract Law of the People's Republic of China, as adopted at the Fourth Session of the Fifth National People's Congress on December 13, 1981, is hereby promulgated, and effective as of July 1,1982.
Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, Ye Jianying
December 13, 1981
Economic Contract Law of the People's Republic of China
(Adopted at the Fourth Session of the Fifth National People's Congress on December 13, 1981)
| | 全国人民代表大会常务委员会委员长令
（第十二号）
中华人民共和国第五届全国人民代表大会第四次会议于一九八一年十二月十三日通过了《中华人民共和国经济合同法》，现予公布，自一九八二年七月一日起施行。
中华人民共和国全国人民代表大会常务委员会委员长 叶剑英
一九八一年十二月十三日
中华人民共和国经济合同法
（１９８１年１２月１３日第五届全国人民代表大会第四次会议通过）
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CONTENTS
| | 目录
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CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS
| | 第一章 总则
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CHAPTER II THE CONCLUSION AND PERFORMANCE OF ECONOMIC CONTRACTS
| | 第二章 经济合同的订立和履行
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CHAPTER III THE MODIFICATION AND RESCISSION OF ECONOMIC CONTRACTS
| | 第三章 经济合同的变更和解除
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CHAPTER IV LIABILITY FOR BREACH OF CONTRACTS
| | 第四章 违反经济合同的责任
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CHAPTER V MEDIATION AND ARBITRATION OF ECONOMIC CONTRACT DISPUTES
| | 第五章 经济合同纠纷的调解和仲裁
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CHAPTER VI ADMINISTRATION OF ECONOMIC CONTRACTS
| | 第六章 经济合同的管理
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CHAPTER VII SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS
| | 第七章 附则
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CHAPTER I GENERAL PROVISIONS
| | 第一章 总则
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Article 1. This Law is formulated with a view to protecting the lawful rights and interests of the parties to economic contracts, maintaining the economic order of society, increasing economic effectiveness, ensuring the fulfillment of state plans and promoting the development of socialist modernization.
| | 第一条 为了保护经济合同当事人的合法权益，维护社会经济秩序，提高经济效益，保证国家计划的执行，促进社会主义现代化建设的发展，特制定本法。
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Article 2. Economic contracts are agreements between legal entities for the purpose of realizing certain economic goals and clarifying each other's rights and obligations.
| | 第二条 经济合同是法人之间为实现一定经济目的，明确相互权利义务关系的协议。
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Article 3. Economic contracts, except for those in which accounts are settled immediately, shall be in written form. Documents, telegrams and charts that relate to the modification of a contract and that are agreed upon by the parties through consultation shall also be integral parts of the contract.
| | 第三条 经济合同，除即时清结者外，应当采用书面形式。当事人协商同意的有关修改合同的文书、电报和图表，也是合同的组成部分。
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Article 4. In concluding an economic contract, the parties must comply with the laws of the state and meet the requirements of state policies and plans. No unit or individual may use a contract to engage in illegal activities, disrupt economic order, undermine state plans or damage the interests of the state or the public interest, seeking illegitimate income.
| | 第四条 订立经济合同，必须遵守国家的法律，必须符合国家政策和计划的要求。任何单位和个人不得利用合同进行违法活动，扰乱经济秩序，破坏国家计划，损害国家利益和社会公共利益，牟取非法收入。
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Article 5. In concluding an economic contract, the parties must follow the principles of equality and mutual benefit, achieving agreement through consultation and making compensation for equal value. No party may impose its own will on the other party, and no unit or individual may illegally interfere.
| | 第五条 订立经济合同，必须贯彻平等互利、协商一致、等价有偿的原则。任何一方不得把自己的意志强加给对方，任何单位和个人不得非法干预。
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Article 6. As soon as an economic contract is established in accordance with the law, it shall have legally binding force, and the parties must fully perform their obligations as stipulated in the contract. Neither party may unilaterally modify or rescind the contract.
| | 第六条 经济合同依法成立，即具有法律约束力，当事人必须全面履行合同规定的义务，任何一方不得擅自变更或解除合同。
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Article 7. The following economic contracts shall be void:
| | 第七条 下列经济合同为无效：
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(1) contracts violating the law or state policies and plans;
| | 一、违反法律和国家政策、计划的合同；
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(2) contracts signed through the use of fraud, coercion or similar means;
| | 二、采取欺诈、胁迫等手段所签订的合同；
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(3) contracts signed by an agent beyond the scope of his power of agency, or contracts signed by an agent in the name of his principal with himself or with another person whom he represents; and
| | 三、代理人超越代理权限签订的合同或以被代理人的名义同自己或者同自己所代理的其他人签订的合同；
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(4) economic contracts violating the interests of the state or the public interest.
Economic contracts that are void from the time they are concluded shall have no legally binding force. If a part of an economic contract is confirmed to be void, without affecting the validity of the remainder, the remainder shall still be valid.
The power to confirm that an economic contract is void shall be vested in the contract administration authorities and the people's courts.
| | 四、违反国家利益或社会公共利益的经济合同。
无效的经济合同，从订立的时候起，就没有法律约束力。确认经济合同部分无效的，如果不影响其余部分的效力，其余部分仍然有效。
无效经济合同的确认权，归合同管理机关和人民法院。
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Article 8. The provisions of this Law shall apply to all contracts for purchase and sale, construction projects, processing, transportation of goods, supply and use of electricity, warehousing, lease of property, loans, property insurance, scientific and technological cooperation and other economic contracts.
| | 第八条 购销、建设工程承包、加工承揽、货物运输、供用电、仓储保管、财产租赁、借款、财产保险、科技协作以及其他经济合同，均适用本法的规定。
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CHAPTER II THE CONCLUSION AND PERFORMANCE OF ECONOMIC CONTRACTS
| | 第二章 经济合同的订立和履行
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Article 9. An economic contract is established once both parties have, in accordance with the law, reached agreement through consultation on the principal clauses of the contract.
| | 第九条 当事人双方依法就经济合同的主要条款经过协商一致，经济合同就成立。
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Article 10. When an economic contract is to be concluded by an agent, the agent must first obtain an authorization from the authorizing unit and sign the contract in the name of the authorizing unit within the scope of his power of agency, before the contract directly gives rise to rights and obligations on the part of the authorizing unit.
| | 第十条 代订经济合同，必须事先取得委托单位的委托证明，并根据授权范围以委托单位的名义签订，才对委托单位直接产生权利和义务。
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Article 11. Economic contracts that concern economic dealings in products or projects under a mandatory state plan must be concluded in accordance with state-issued targets; if at the time of signing the parties cannot reach an agreement, the matter shall be handled by both parties' superior authorities in charge of planning. Economic contracts that concern economic dealings in products or projects under an indicative state plan shall be concluded after taking account of state-issued targets and the actual conditions of the units involved.
| | 第十一条 属于国家指令性计划产品和项目的经济往来，必须按国家下达的指标签订经济合同；如果在签订时不能达成一致意见，由双方上级计划主管机关处理。属于国家指导性计划产品和项目的经济往来，参照国家下达的指标，结合本单位的实际情况签订经济合同。
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Article 12. An economic contract shall contain the following principal clauses:
| | 第十二条 经济合同应具备以下主要条款：
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(1) the object (referring to goods, labour services, construction projects, etc.);
| | 一、标的（指货物、劳务、工程项目等）；
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(2) the quantity and quality;
| | 二、数量和质量；
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(3) the price or remuneration;
| | 三、价款或者酬金；
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(4) the time limit, place and method of performance; and
| | 四、履行的期限、地点和方式；
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(5) the liability for breach of contract.
An economic contract shall also include as its principal clauses those whose inclusion is stipulated by law or by virtue of the nature of the economic contract, or whose inclusion is considered as indispensable by either party to the contract.
| | 五、违约责任。
根据法律规定的或按经济合同性质必须具备的条款，以及当事人一方要求必须规定的条款，也是经济合同的主要条款。
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Article 13. When currency is used to fulfil obligations under an economic contract, except as otherwise provided by law, Renminbi must be used for purposes of computation and payment.
Except for cases in which the state permits the use of cash to fulfil obligations, settlements must be made by means of transfers between bank accounts.
| | 第十三条 经济合同用货币履行义务时，除法律另有规定的以外，必须用人民币计算和支付。
除国家允许使用现金履行义务的以外，必须通过银行转帐结算。
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Article 14. One party may pay a deposit to the other party. After the economic contract is performed, the deposit shall be returned or set off against the price.
If the party that pays the deposit fails to perform the contract, it shall have no right to reclaim the deposit. If the party that receives the deposit fails to perform the contract, it shall return twice the amount of the deposit.
| | 第十四条 当事人一方可向对方给付定金。经济合同履行后，定金应当收回，或者抵作价款。
给付定金的一方不履行合同的，无权请求返还定金。接受定金的一方不履行合同的，应当双倍返还定金。
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Article 15. If one party to an economic contract requests a guaranty, a guarantor unit may provide the guaranty. A guarantor unit is a concerned entity that guarantees the performance of the contract by one party. When the guaranteed party fails to perform the contract, the guarantor unit shall be held jointly and severally liable for compensating for the losses.
| | 第十五条 经济合同当事人一方要求保证的，可由保证单位担保。保证单位是保证当事人一方履行合同的关系人。被保证的当事人不履行合同的时候，由保证单位连带承担赔偿损失的责任。
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Article 16. After an economic contract has been confirmed to be void, the parties shall return to each other any property that they have acquired pursuant to the contract. If one party is at fault, it shall compensate the other party for losses incurred as a result thereof. If both parties are at fault, each party shall be commensurately liable.
In the case of an economic contract which violates the interest of the state and the public interest, if both parties have acted wilfully, the property that they have acquired or are due to acquire by mutual agreement shall be recovered and turned over to the State Treasury. If only one party has acted wilfully, the wilful party shall restore to the other party the property it has acquired from the latter; the party that has not acted wilfully shall turn over to the State Treasury any property it has acquired from the other party or is due to acquire by mutual agreement.
| | 第十六条 经济合同被确认无效后，当事人依据该合同所取得的财产，应返还给对方。有过错的一方应赔偿对方因此所受的损失；如果双方都有过错，各自承担相应的责任。
违反国家利益或社会公共利益的合同，如果双方都是故意的，应追缴双方已经取得或者约定取得的财产，收归国库所有。如果只有一方是故意的，故意的一方应将从对方取得的财产返回对方；非故意的一方已经从对方取得或约定取得的财产，应收归国库所有。
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Article 17. The terms regarding the quantity, quality, packaging quality and prices of products and the time limit for their delivery in purchase and sale contracts (including contracts for supply, procurement, forward purchase, combination and coordination in purchases and sales, and adjustment) shall be implemented in accordance with the following provisions:
| | 第十七条 购销合同（包括供应、采购、预购、购销结合及协作、调剂等合同）中产品数量、产品质量和包装质量、产品价格和交货期限按以下规定执行：
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(1) The product quantity term shall be concluded in accordance with the plans approved by the state or the higher-level department in charge; in the absence of such a plan, it shall be concluded between the supplying and purchasing parties through consultation. The method of measuring product quantity shall be implemented in accordance with provisions made by the state or the department in charge; in the absence of such provisions, a method agreed upon by the supplying and purchasing parties shall be used.
| | 一、产品数量，按国家和上级主管部门批准的计划签订；没有国家和主管部门批准计划的，由供需双方协商签订。产品数量的计量方法，按国家的规定或主管部门的规定执行；没有国家和主管部门规定的，按供需双方商定的方法执行。
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(2) The product quality and packaging quality terms shall be concluded in conformity with state or specialized standards if such standards exist; in the absence of such standards, the terms shall be concluded in conformity with the standards prescribed by the departments in charge. If either party has special requirements, the terms shall be concluded between the parties through consultation.
The supplying party must be responsible for the product quality and packaging quality and provide the technical data or samples necessary for inspection.
The methods of ascertaining product quality through inspection and quarantine shall be carried out in accordance with the relevant provisions approved by the State Council; in the absence of such provisions, the parties shall determine the methods through consultation.
| | 二、产品质量和包装质量，有国家标准或专业标准的，按国家标准或专业标准签订；无国家标准或专业标准的，按主管部门标准签订；当事人有特殊要求的，由双方协商签订。
供方必须对产品的质量和包装质量负责，提供据以验收的必要的技术资料或实样。
产品质量的验收、检疫方法，根据国务院批准的有关规定执行，没有规定的由当事人双方协商确定。
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(3) The product price term shall be concluded in accordance with the prices prescribed by the price administration departments at various levels (including state-fixed prices and floating prices). Where negotiated prices are permitted by government policy, the prices shall be determined by the parties through consultation.
In cases where a product is to be supplied on the basis of the state-fixed price, if the said price is adjusted before the time limit for delivery provided in the contract, the payment shall be calculated according to the price at the time of delivery. If the delivery is delayed and the price has risen, the original price shall be adopted; if the price has dropped, the new price shall be adopted. In the event of delay in taking delivery of goods or late payment, if the price has risen, the new price shall be adopted; if the price has dropped, the original price shall be adopted. In cases where products are to be supplied according to floating or negotiated prices, the payment shall be calculated according to the price provided in the contract.
| | 三、产品的价格，按照各级物价主管部门规定的价格（包括国家订价、浮动价）签订。政策上允许议价的，价格由当事人协商议定。
执行国家订价的，在合同规定的交付期限内国家价格调整时，按交付时的价格计价。逾期交货的，遇价格上涨时，按原价格执行；价格下降时，按新价格执行。逾期提货或者逾期付款的，遇价格上涨时，按新价格执行；价格下降时，按原价格执行。执行浮动价、议价的，按合同规定的价格执行。
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(4) The time limit for delivery (or taking delivery) of the goods shall be carried out in accordance with the stipulations in the contract. If any party requests advancement or extension of the time limit for delivery (or taking delivery) of the goods, it shall reach an agreement with the other party beforehand, and implement it accordingly.
| | 四、交（提）货期限要按照合同规定履行。任何一方要求提前或延期交（提）货，应在事先达成协议，并按协议执行。
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Article 18. Contracts for construction projects must be concluded in accordance with procedures prescribed by the state and investment plans, planned project descriptions and other documents approved by the state.
In contracting for construction projects, including survey, design, building and installation, one general contractor may sign a general contract with the construction client, or several contractors may separately sign contracts with the construction client.
Survey and design contracts shall provide the time for delivery of the basic survey or design data and design documents (including an estimated budget) by both parties, the quality requirements of the design, other conditions for coordination and other similar provisions.
Building and installation contracts shall expressly provide the scope of the project, the construction work period, the time for beginning and completing intermediate construction projects, the quality of the work, the costs of construction, the time for delivery of technical data, the responsibilities for the supply of materials and equipment, the allocations of funds and settlement of accounts, the inspection and acceptance of the projects upon completion, the mutual cooperation by the parties and other similar terms.
The inspection and acceptance of construction projects upon completion shall be carried out according to the blueprints and written instructions, and to the work testing norms and quality inspection standards issued by the state.
| | 第十八条 建设工程承包合同，必须根据国家规定的程序和国家批准的投资计划、计划任务书等文件签订。
建设工程承包，包括勘察、设计、建筑、安装，可以由一个总包单位与建设单位签订总包合同，也可以由几个承包单位与建设单位分别签订合同。
勘察、设计合同中，应规定双方提交勘察、设计基础资料、设计文件（包括概预算）的时间，设计的质量要求以及其他协作条件等条款。
建筑、安装工程合同中，应明确规定工程范围、建设工期、中间交工工程开竣工时间、工程质量、工程造价、技术资料交付时间、材料和设备供应责任、拨款和结算、交工验收、双方互相协作等条款。
建设工程的竣工验收，应以施工图纸及说明书、国家颁发的施工验收规范和质量检验标准为依据。
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Article 19. Processing contracts shall be concluded on the basis of the ordering party's requirements as to the description of goods, the items and quality, and of the contractor's capacity to process, make to order or repair. Except as otherwise provided in the contract, the contractor must use its own equipment, technology and labour force to complete the principal part of the tasks of processing, making to order and repairing and may not, without the consent of the ordering party, assign the accepted tasks to a third party. The ordering party shall accept the products and articles completed by the contractor and shall pay remuneration therefor.
The contractor shall promptly inspect the raw and processed materials supplied by the ordering party and, if it discovers that they do not conform to the stipulations of the contract, it shall immediately notify the ordering party to replace them or supply what is lacking. The contractor may not, without permission, replace any raw and processed materials supplied by the ordering party and may not covertly exchange components of articles being repaired, and violators shall be liable for making compensation.
When the contractor repairs a building or processes a batch of non-standardized articles, it shall accept necessary inspection and supervision by the ordering party, but the latter may not obstruct the contractor's normal work. The contractor shall strictly comply with the ordering party's request to keep confidential the duplications, designs, translations, tests and inspections of the performance of certain articles, and other tasks contracted for by the contractor.
If the ordering party does not take delivery of the ordered products within six months of the time limit for taking delivery, the contractor shall have the right to sell the ordered products and shall, after deducting its remuneration and storage fees from the money obtained from such sales, deposit the remainder in a bank in the name of the ordering party.
| | 第十九条 加工承揽合同，应根据定作方提出的品名、项目、质量要求和承揽方的加工、定作、修缮能力签订。除合同另有规定的以外，承揽方必须以自己的设备、技术和劳力，完成加工、定作、修缮任务的主要部分，不经定作方同意，不得把接受的任务转让给第三方。定作方应当接受承揽方完成的物品或工作成果，并给付报酬。
承揽方对定作方提供的原材料，应及时检验，发现不符合合同规定时，应立即通知定作方调换或者补齐。承揽方对定作方提供的原材料不得擅自更换，对修理的物品不得偷换零件，违反的应承担赔偿责任。
承揽方修缮房屋或者加工成批非标准化物品，应接受定作方必要的检查和监督，但定作方不得妨碍承揽方的正常工作。承揽方承揽的复制、设计、翻译和物品性能测试、检验等任务，定作方要求保密的，应严格遵守。
定作方超过领取期限六个月不领取定作物的，承揽方有权将定作物变卖，所得价款在扣除报酬、保管费用以后，用定作方的名义存入银行。
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Article 20. Contracts for the transportation of goods shall be concluded in accordance with the planned distribution of goods, transportation capacity and transportation plans. Contracts for the shipment of odd-lot goods shall be concluded in accordance with the state provisions relevant to transportation.
Any contract involving transshipment shall expressly provide the responsibilities of both or all parties and the freight delivery methods.
If consigned goods, in accordance with stipulations, require packaging, the consignor must package the goods in accordance with the standards prescribed by the state authorities in charge; in the absence of uniform packaging standards, packaging shall be carried out in accordance with the principle of securing the safe transport of the goods, or else the shipper shall have the right to refuse to undertake the shipment.
| | 第二十条 货物运输合同，根据货物调拨计划、运输能力和运输计划签订。零星货物的运输合同，根据国家的有关运输规定签订。
凡涉及联运的，应明确规定双方或多方的责任和交接办法。
托运的货物按照规定需要包装的，托运方必须按照国家主管机关规定的标准包装；没有统一规定包装标准的，应根据保证货物运输安全的原则进行包装，否则承运方有权拒绝承运。
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Article 21. Contracts for the supply and use of electricity shall be concluded in accordance with the needs of the electricity user and the electrical supply capacity. The contract shall expressly provide the electrical power, the amount of electricity, the period of use of electricity, the liability for breach of contract and other similar terms.
| | 第二十一条 供用电合同，根据用电方需要和电力可供量签订。合同中应明确规定电力、电量、用电时间和违约责任等条款。
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Article 22. Warehousing contracts shall be concluded through consultation between the parties in accordance with the storing party's plan for storage on consignment and the warehousing capacity of the safekeeping party. The storage of odd-lot goods shall be contracted in accordance with the relevant provisions on storage.
Warehousing and safekeeping contracts shall expressly provide the type, specifications and quantity of goods to be stored, and the method of safekeeping, the items to be inspected, the inspection methods, the procedures for depositing and withdrawing the goods from storage, the standards of loss and damage and the handling of loss or damage, the responsibility for expenses and the method of settling accounts, the liability for breach of contract and other similar terms.
The safekeeping party shall inspect the goods to be put into storage in accordance with the provisions of the contract concerning the packaging exterior and the type, quantity and quality of the goods, and, if it discovers that the goods to be put into storage do not conform to the provisions of the contract, it shall promptly notify the storing party. If, after the safekeeping party has inspected the goods, a non-conformity between the type, quantity or quality of the goods and the provisions of the contract occurs, the safekeeping party shall be liable for making compensation.
The storing party shall provide the safekeeping party with necessary data for inspection of the goods, or else the safekeeping party shall not be liable for making compensation should any non-conformity between the type, quantity or quality of the goods and the provisions of the contract occur.
| | 第二十二条 仓储保管合同，根据存货方委托储存计划和保管方的仓储能量由双方协商签订。零星货物的储存，根据有关仓储规定签订。
仓储保管合同中，应明确规定储存货物的品名、规格、数量和保管方法，验收项目和验收方法，入库、出库手续，损耗标准和损耗的处理，费用负担和结算方法，违约责任等条款。
保管方应按照合同规定的包装外观、货物品种、数量和质量，对入库货物进行验收，如果发现入库货物与合同规定不符，应及时通知存货方。保管方验收后，如果发生货物品种、数量、质量不符合同规定，由保管方承担赔偿责任。
存货方应当向保管方提供必要的货物验收资料，否则，发生货物品种、数量、质量不符合同规定时，保管方不承担赔偿责任。
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Article 23. Contracts for the lease of property shall expressly provide the name, quantity and use of the leased property, the term of the lease, the rent and the time limit for payment of the rent, the responsibility for maintenance and keeping the property in good repair during the term of the lease, the liability for breach of contract and other similar terms.
The lessor shall, in accordance with the time and standards provided in the contract, turn over the leased property for the use of the lessee. If the lessor transfers the ownership of the property to a third party, the lease contract shall continue to be effective with respect to the new owner of the property.
The lessee may, because of work requirements, assign the use of the leased property to a third party, but it must first obtain the consent of the lessor.
The term concerning rent standards shall be concluded in accordance with the state uniform provisions if such provisions exist. In the absence of such provisions, the rent shall be determined through consultation between the parties.
| | 第二十三条 财产租赁合同，应明确规定租赁财产的名称、数量、用途、租赁期限、租金和租金交纳期限、租赁期间财产维修保养的责任、违约责任等条款。
出租方应按照合同规定时间和标准，将出租的财产交给承租方使用。如果出租方将财产所有权转移给第三方时，租赁合同对财产新的所有方继续有效。
承租方因工作需要，可以把租赁物转让给第三方承租使用，但必须事先征得出租方的同意。
租金的标准，国家有统一规定的，按统一规定签订；没有统一规定的，由当事人双方协商议定。
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Article 24. Loan contracts shall be concluded in accordance with the credit plan approved by the state and the relevant provisions. The contract shall expressly provide the amount of the loan, the use, the term, the interest rate, the procedures for settling accounts, the liability for breach of contract and other similar terms.
The interest rate on loans shall be set by the state and controlled by the People's Bank of China.
| | 第二十四条 借款合同，根据国家批准的信贷计划和有关规定签订。合同中，应明确规定贷款的数额、用途、期限、利率、结算办法和违约责任等条款。
贷款利率由国家规定，中国人民银行统一管理。
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Article 25. Property insurance contracts shall be concluded in the form of an insurance policy or an insurance certificate.
An insurance contract shall expressly provide the object of the insurance, the exact location (or the means of transport and voyage), the insured amounts, the insured liability, the excluded liability, the method of paying compensation and insurance premiums, the beginning and end of the insured term and other similar terms.
The policy holder shall protect the safety of the insured property. The insurer may conduct safety inspections of the insured property, and, if it discovers unsafe aspects, it shall promptly notify the policy holder to eliminate them.
When a third person should be responsible for paying compensation for losses with respect to the insured property, if the policy holder submits a claim against the insurer, the insurer may first make compensation in accordance with the provisions of the contract, but the policy holder must assign its right to recover compensation to the insurer and assist him in recovering the compensation from the third person.
| | 第二十五条 财产保险合同，采用保险单或保险凭证的形式签订。
保险合同中，应明确规定保险标的、座落地点（或运输工具及航程）、保险金额、保险责任、除外责任、赔偿办法、保险费缴付办法以及保险起迄期限等条款。
投保方应当维护被保险财产的安全。保险方可以对被保险财产的安全情况进行检查，如发现不安全因素，应及时通知投保方加以消除。
被保险财产的损失，应由第三人负责赔偿的，如果投保方向保险方提出要求，保险方可以按照合同规定先予赔偿，但投保方必须将追偿权转让给保险方，并协助保险方向第三者追偿。
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Article 26. Contracts for scientific and technological cooperation (including scientific research, trial production, dissemination of research results, transfer of technology and technical consulting services) shall be concluded in accordance with the plans of the higher-level departments in charge or the relevant departments; in the absence of such a plan, the contract shall be concluded through consultation between the parties.
Contracts for scientific and technological cooperation shall expressly specify the project involving scientific or technological cooperation, the technological and economic requirements, the rate of progress, the form of cooperation, an estimated budget of the expenses and materials, the remuneration, the liability for breach of contract and other similar terms.
| | 第二十六条 科技协作合同（包括科研、试制、成果推广、技术转让、技术咨询服务等）根据上级主管部门或有关部门的计划签订；没有计划的，由当事人双方协商签订。
科技协作合同中，应明确规定科技协作的项目、技术经济要求、进度、协作方式、经费和物资概算、报酬、违约责任等条款。
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CHAPTER III THE MODIFICATION AND RESCISSION OF ECONOMIC CONTRACTS
| | 第三章 经济合同的变更和解除
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Article 27. It shall be permissible to modify or rescind an economic contract if any of the following situations occurs:
| | 第二十七条 凡发生下列情况之一者，允许变更或解除经济合同：
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(1) if both parties agree through consultation, and if such modification or rescission would not harm the interests of the state or affect the implementation of the state plan;
| | 一、当事人双方经过协商同意，并且不因此损害国家利益和影响国家计划的执行；
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(2) if the state plan on the basis of which the economic contract was concluded has been amended or cancelled;
| | 二、订立经济合同所依据的国家计划被修改或取消；
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(3) if one party closes down, stops production or changes its line of production and is truly incapable of performing the economic contract;
| | 三、当事人一方由于关闭、停产、转产而确实无法履行经济合同；
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(4) if force majeure or some other cause that a party, although not negligent, cannot prevent makes it impossible to perform the economic contract; or
| | 四、由于不可抗力或由于一方当事人虽无过失但无法防止的外因，致使经济合同无法履行；
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(5) if the breach of contract by one party makes performance of the economic contract unnecessary.
When one party requests modification or rescission of an economic contract, it shall promptly notify the other party. If one party suffers losses due to modification or rescission of an economic contract, the party that is responsible, except when it may be exempted from liability according to law, shall be liable for making compensation.
If one party is merged or divided, the party or parties resulting from the change shall assume or severally assume the obligation to perform the contract and shall enjoy its or their due rights under the contract.
| | 五、由于一方违约，使经济合同履行成为不必要。
当事人一方要求变更或解除经济合同时，应及时通知对方。因变更或解除经济合同使一方遭受损失的，除依法可以免除责任的外，应由责任方负责赔偿。
当事人一方发生合并、分立时，由变更后的当事人承担或分别承担履行合同的义务和享受应有的权利。
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Article 28. The notice or agreement regarding the modification or rescission of an economic contract shall be in written form (including a document and telegram). Before agreement has been reached, the original economic contract shall continue to be effective.
| | 第二十八条 变更或解除经济合同的通知或协议，应当采取书面形式（包括文书、电报等）。协议未达成之前，原经济合同仍然有效。
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Article 29. If the modification or rescission of an economic contract involves products or projects under a mandatory state plan, before the agreement is signed the parties shall report it for approval to the department in change of specialized work that issued the plan.
| | 第二十九条 经济合同的变更或解除如涉及国家指令性计划产品或项目，在签订协议前应报下达该计划的业务主管部门批准。
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Article 30. The proposal and reply with respect to the modification or rescission of an economic contract shall be submitted within the time limit agreed to by both parties or within the time limit prescribed by the relevant department in charge of specialized work.
| | 第三十条 变更或解除经济合同的建议和答复，在双方协议的期限内或有关业务主管部门规定的期限内提出。
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Article 31. After an economic contract is concluded, it may not be modified or rescinded due to replacement of the person who has undertaken to conclude the contract or of the legal representative.
| | 第三十一条 经济合同订立后，不得因承办人或法定代表人的变动而变更或解除。
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CHAPTER IV LIABILITY FOR BREACH OF AN ECONOMIC CONTRACTS
| | 第四章 违反经济合同的责任
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Article 32. If, due to the fault of one party, an economic contract cannot be performed or cannot be fully performed, the party at fault shall be liable for breach of the contract; if both parties are at fault, in accordance with the actual conditions, each party shall be commensurately liable for breach of the contract that is due to its fault.
If an individual is directly responsible for dereliction of duty, malfeasance or other unlawful conduct that gives rise to a major accident or severe losses, he shall be investigated for economic and administrative responsibility, and even criminal responsibility.
| | 第三十二条 由于当事人一方的过错，造成经济合同不能履行或者不能完全履行，由有过错的一方承担违约责任；如属双方的过错，根据实际情况，由双方分别承担各自应负的违约责任。
对由于失职、渎职或其它违法行为造成重大事故或严重损失的直接责任者个人，应追究经济、行政责任直至刑事责任。
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Article 33. If, due to the fault of higher-level leading authorities or of the department in charge of specialized work, an economic contract cannot be performed or cannot be fully performed, the higher-level leading authorities or the department in charge of specialized work shall bear liability for breach of contract. The breaching party shall, as provided, first pay the other party breach-of-contract damages or compensatory damages, and then the higher-level leading authorities or the department in charge of specialized work that should be liable shall be responsible for dealing with the matter.
| | 第三十三条 由于上级领导机关或业务主管机关的过错，造成经济合同不能履行或者不能完全履行的，上级领导机关或业务主管机关应承担违约责任。应先由违约方按规定向对方偿付违约金或赔偿金，再由应负责任的上级领导机关或业务主管机关负责处理。
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Article 34. If a party cannot perform an economic contract due to force majeure, it shall promptly notify the other party of the reason for its inability of performance or for its needs of a deferred performance or partial performance of the economic contract. After it has obtained a certificate from the relevant authorities in charge, it shall be permitted to extend the time for performance, to perform partly or not to perform, and it may, in accordance with the circumstances, be partly or completely exempted from liability for breach of contract.
| | 第三十四条 当事人一方由于不可抗力的原因不能履行经济合同时，应及时向对方通报不能履行或者需要延期履行、部分履行经济合同的理由，在取得有关主管机关证明以后，允许延期履行、部分履行或者不履行，并可根据情况部分或全部免予承担违约责任。
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Article 35. If a party breaches an economic contract, it shall pay damages for the breach to the other party. If the breach of contract has already caused the other party to suffer losses that exceed the amount of the damages, the breaching party shall make compensation for the amount exceeding the breach of contract damages. if the other party demands continued performance of the contract, the breaching party shall continue to perform.
| | 第三十五条 当事人一方违反经济合同时，应向对方支付违约金。如果由于违约已给对方造成的损失超过违约金的，还应进行赔偿，补偿违约金不足的部分。对方要求继续履行合同的，应继续履行。
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Article 36. An enterprise shall pay breach of contract damages and compensatory damages out of its enterprise fund, retained profits or portion of the surplus that it shares with the state, and its may not record such payment as a cost; an administrative unit or institution shall make such payment out of the surplus funds from its budget.
| | 第三十六条 违约金、赔偿金，企业应从企业基金、利润留成或盈亏包干分成中开支，不得计入成本；行政、事业单位应从预算包干的节余经费中开支。
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Article 37. Breach of contract damages and compensatory damages shall be paid within ten days after liability is clearly established, or else the matter shall be handled as an overdue payment. No party may of its own accord withhold delivery of goods or withhold payment for goods as an offset.
| | 第三十七条 违约金、赔偿金应在明确责任后十天内偿付，否则按逾期付款处理。任何一方不得自行用扣发货物或扣付货款来充抵。
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Article 38. Liability for breach of a purchase and sale contract.
| | 第三十八条 违反购销合同的责任
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(1) Liability of the supplying party:
| | 一、供方的责任：
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a. If the type, specifications, quantity, quality or packaging of the product does not conform to the provisions of the contract, or if delivery is not make on the date prescribed in the contract, it shall pay breach of contract damages and compensatory damages.
| | １．产品的品种、规格、数量、质量和包装质量不符合合同规定，或未按合同规定日期交货，应偿付违约金、赔偿金。
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b. If the goods are sent to the wrong destination or receiving unit (or individual), in addition to transporting the goods to the destination or receiving unit (or individual) prescribed in the contract, it shall also be liable for paying any extra freight and miscellaneous charges incurred as a result thereof; if the error causes overdue delivery, it shall pay breach of contract damages for overdue delivery.
| | ２．产品错发到货地点或接货单位（人），除按合同规定负责运到规定的到货地点或接货单位（人）外，并承担因此而多支付的运杂费；如果造成逾期交货，偿付逾期交货的违约金。
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(2) Liability of the purchasing party:
| | 二、需方的责任：
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a. If it cancels an order during the contract term, it shall pay breach of contract damages and compensatory damages.
| | １．中途退货应偿付违约金、赔偿金。
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b. If it fails to make payment or take delivery on the date prescribed in the contract, it shall pay breach of contract damages.
| | ２．未按合同规定日期付款或提货，应偿付违约金。
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c. If it erroneously writes out or at the last moment changes the destination of the goods, it shall be liable for any extra expenses incurred as a result thereof.
| | ３．错填或临时变更到货地点，承担由此而多支出的费用。
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Article 39. Liability for breach of a construction project contract.
| | 第三十九条 违反建设工程承包合同的责任
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(1) Liability of the contractor:
| | 一、承包方的责任：
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a. If, due to the inferior quality of survey and design work or because survey and design documents are not submitted in time, the work period is prolonged and losses are caused thereby, the survey and design unit shall continue to complete the designs and shall reduce or forfeit its survey and design fees and shall even make compensation for the losses.
| | １．因勘察设计质量低劣或未按期提交勘察设计文件拖延工期造成损失，由勘察设计单位继续完善设计，并减收或免收勘察设计费，直至赔偿损失。
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b. If the construction quality does not conform to the stipulations of the contract, the party awarding the contract shall have the right to demand that the project be repaired or remedied and reconstructed within a fixed time and without extra payment, and if such repair or remedy and recon-struction causes overdue delivery of the project, the contractor shall pay breach of contract damages for overdue performance.
| | ２．工程质量不符合合同规定，发包方有权要求限期无偿修理或者返工、改建，经过修理或者返工、改建后，造成逾期交付的，承包方偿付逾期的违约金。
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c. If the time the project is delivered does not conform to the stipulations of the contract, the contractor shall pay breach of contract damages for overdue performance.
| | ３．工程交付时间不符合合同规定，偿付逾期的违约金。
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(2) Liability of the party awarding the contract:
| | 二、发包方的责任：
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a. If the raw and processed materials, equipment, site, funds, technical data, etc., are not supplied according to the time or requirements stipulated in the contract, in addition to accepting a delay in the work deadline, it shall also reimburse the contractor for actual losses from work stoppages and idling of the labour force as a result thereof.
| | １．未按合同规定的时间和要求提供原材料、设备、场地、资金、技术资料等，除工程日期得予顺延外，还应偿付承包方因此造成停工、窝工的实际损失。
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b. If construction is stopped or postponed in the course of the work, it shall adopt measures to offset or reduce the losses and at the same time compensate the contractor for losses and actual expenses incurred as a result thereof due to work stoppages, idling of the labour force, changes in transportation, transfers of machinery and equipment, overstocking of materials and components, etc.
| | ２．工程中途停建、缓建，应采取措施弥补或减少损失，同时赔偿承包方由此而造成的停工、窝工、倒运、机械设备调迁、材料和构件积压等损失和实际费用。
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c. If the plans are modified, the data supplied are not accurate or the conditions for survey and design work are not provided in good time and, as a result thereof, the survey and design work has to be redone or stopped, or the design revised, it shall pay additional expenses for the amount of work actually expended by the contractor.
| | ３．由于变更计划，提供的资料不准确，或未按期提供必需的勘察、设计工作条件而造成勘察、设计的返工、停工或修改设计，按承包方实际消耗的工作量增付费用。
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d. If problems of quality are discovered in the project it has put into use without having first examined and accepted, it shall be held solely responsible.
| | ４．工程未经验收，提前使用，发现质量问题，自己承担责任。
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e. If it exceeds the deadline stipulated in the contract for examination and acceptance or for paying the construction fees, it shall pay breach of contract damages for overdue performance.
| | ５．超过合同规定日期验收或付工程费，偿付逾期的违约金。
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Article 40. Liability for breach of a processing contract.
| | 第四十条 违反加工承揽合同的责任
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(1) Liability of the contracting party:
| | 一、承揽方的责任：
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a. If due to improper storage the materials or articles supplied by the ordering party are damaged, lost or destroyed, it shall be liable for making compensation.
| | １．由于保管不善，致使定作方提供的材料和物品损坏、灭失的，负责赔偿。
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b. If the quality or quantity of work delivered to the ordering party does not conform to the prescriptions of the contract, it shall, without charge, undertake to make repairs or supplement the quantity or, depending on the circumstances, reduce remuneration. If the results of the work have a serious defect, it shall also be liable for making compensation.
| | ２．未按合同规定的质量、数量完成定作方交付的工作，应无偿进行修理、补足数量或者酌减报酬。如果工作成果有重大缺陷，还应承担赔偿责任。
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(2) Liability of the ordering party:
| | 二、定作方的责任：
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a. If it does not provide the contracting party with raw and processed materials on time or of the requisite quality or quantity and thereby causes a prolonging of the work period, it shall be liable for making compensation for any losses.
| | １．未按时、按质、按量向承揽方提供原材料，造成工作延期的，负责赔偿损失。
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b. If it exceeds the deadline stipulated for taking delivery of the articles ordered or repaired, it shall pay a storage fee to the contracting party for the overdue period.
| | ２．超过规定期限领取定作或修理的物品，应向承揽方给付逾期保管费。
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c. If it exceeds the deadline for making payment stipulated in the contract, it shall pay breach of contract damages for overdue payment.
| | ３．超过合同规定期限付款，偿付逾期的违约金。
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Article 41. Liability for breach of a freight transportation contract.
| | 第四十一条 违反货物运输合同的责任
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(1) Liability of the shipper:
| | 一、承运方的责任：
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a. If it fails to arrange for a vehicle (or ship) for shipment in accordance with the time or requirements of the transportation contract, it shall pay to the consignor breach of contract damages.
| | １．不按运输合同规定的时间和要求配车（船）发运的，偿付托运方违约金。
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b. If the goods are sent to the wrong destination or receiving person, it shall transport them free of charge to the destination or receiving person stipulated in the contract. If the goods are delivered after the stipulated time, it shall pay breach of contract damages for overdue delivery.
| | ２．货物错运到货地点或接货人，应无偿运至合同规定的到货地点或接货人。如果货物运到逾期，偿付逾期交货的违约金。
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c. If the goods are lost or destroyed, suffer a shortage, deteriorate or are contaminated or damaged in the course of transportation, it shall pay compensation for the actual loss to the goods (including packaging expenses and freight and miscellaneous expenses).
| | ３．运输过程中货物灭失、短少、变质、污染、损坏，按货物的实际损失（包括包装费、运杂费）赔偿。
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d. If destruction, loss, shortage, deterioration or contamination of or damage to the goods for which the shipper is liable for making compensation occurs during through transshipment, the shipper for the final stage of transport shall make compensation as stipulated and then the shipper for the final stage may pursue reimbursement from any other responsible shipper.
| | ４．联运的货物发生灭失、短少、变质、污染、损坏应由承运方承担赔偿责任的，由终点阶段的承运方按照规定赔偿，再由终点阶段的承运方向负有责任的其他承运方追偿。
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e. If, during transportation that is in conformity with the law and the provisions of the contract, destruction, loss, shortage, deterioration or contamination of or damage to the goods is caused by any of the following reasons, the shipper shall not be held liable for breach of contract:
| | ５．在符合法律和合同规定条件下的运输，由于下列原因造成货物灭失、短少、变质、污染、损坏的，承运方不承担违约责任：
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(i) force majeure;
| | （１）不可抗力；
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(ii) the natural characteristics of the goods;
| | （２）货物本身的自然性质；
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(iii) reasonable loss and damage of the goods; or
| | （３）货物的合理损耗；
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(iv) the fault of the consignor or the recipient of the goods.
| | （４）托运方或收货方本身的过错。
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(2) Liability of the consignor:
| | 二、托运方的责任：
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a. If it does not provide the consigned goods in accordance with the time and requirements stipulated in the contract, it shall pay to the shipper breach of contract damages.
| | １．未按运输合同规定的时间和要求提供托运的货物，偿付承运方违约金。
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b. If it smuggles or conceals dangerous goods among ordinary goods or incorrectly declares the weight of heavy goods, etc., thus causing lifting equipment to break, the goods to be broken or damaged, cranes to be overturned, or an explosion, corrosion or other similar accident to occur, it shall be liable for paying compensation.
| | ２．由于在普通货物中夹带、匿报危险货物，错报笨重货物重量等而招致吊具断裂、货物摔损、吊机倾翻、爆炸、腐蚀等事故，承担赔偿责任。
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c. If defective packaging produces damage and thus causes other goods or means of transport, machinery or equipment to be contaminated, corroded or damaged or causes human casualties, it shall be liable for paying compensation.
| | ３．由于货物包装缺陷产生破损，致使其他货物或运输工具、机械设备被污染腐蚀、损坏，造成人身伤亡的，承担赔偿责任。
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d. If the goods have been loaded by the consignor at its own special-purpose loading point or at a public special-purpose loading point at a harbour or station or at a special-purpose railway loading point, and if damage or shortage is found upon checking the goods at the unloading point, in circumstances where the vehicle was perfectly sealed or there are no abnormal conditions, the consignor shall compensate the receiving party for the losses.
| | ４．在托运方专用线或在港、站公用专用线、专用铁道自装的货物，在到站卸货时，发现货物损坏、短少，在车辆施封完好或无异状的情况下，应赔偿收货人的损失。
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e. If goods transported in a tank car are not accompanied by the certificate of specifications and quality or the laboratory test report, preventing the recipient of the goods from being able to unload the goods, the consignor shall reimburse the shipper for delayed unloading and storage charges as well as breach of contract damages.
| | ５．罐车发运货物，因未随车附带规格质量证明或化验报造，造成收货方无法卸货时，偿付承运方卸车等存费及违约金。
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Article 42. Liability for breach of a contract for the supply and use of electricity.
| | 第四十二条 违反供用电合同的责任
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(1) Liability of the supplier of electricity:
The supplier of electricity must supply electricity in a safe manner in accordance with power supply standards stipulated by the state and with the stipulations of the contract. If it has cause to restrict electricity, it shall notify the user in advance. In the absence of a proper reason for restricting the use of electricity or if electricity is cut off due to the fault of the supplier of electricity, it shall compensate the user for the losses caused thereby.
| | 一、供电方的责任：
供电方要按照国家规定的供电标准和合同规定安全供电。因故限电，应事先通知用电方。如无正当理由限电或由于供电方的责任断电，应赔偿用电方由此而造成的损失。
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(2) Liability of the user of electricity:
The user must use electricity in accordance with the provisions of the contract. If, due to special circumstances, it needs to use more electricity or cannot use electricity at the specified time, it shall notify the supplier in advance. If in the absence of a proper reason for the overload of electricity or for not using electricity at the stipulated time, it shall pay breach of contract damages.
The liability for breach of a contract for the supply and use of water or of a contract for the supply and use of gas may be handled with reference to the provisions of this Article.
| | 二、用电方的责任：
用电方要根据合同规定用电。因特殊情况需要超负荷用电或不能按规定时间用电时，应事先通知供电方。如无正当理由超负荷用电或不按规定时间用电，应偿付违约金。
违反供用水合同、供用气合同的责任，可参照本条规定处理。
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Article 43. Liability for breach of a warehousing contract.
| | 第四十三条 违反仓储保管合同的责任
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(1) Liability of the safekeeping party:
| | 一、保管方的责任：
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a. If improper safekeeping during the period of storage of the goods causes destruction, shortage, deterioration or contamination of or damage to the goods, it shall be liable for paying compensation for the losses. If the goods are damaged or deteriorate due to the packaging not conforming to the stipulations of the contract or due to the valid storage period being exceeded, it shall not be liable for paying compensation.
| | １．货物在储存期间，由于保管不善而发生货物灭失、短少、变质、污染、损坏的，负责赔偿损失。如属包装不符合合同规定或超过有效储存期而造成货物损坏、变质的，不负赔偿责任。
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b. If dangerous articles or perishable goods are not handled according to stipulations or are not carefully stored, and are thereby damaged, it shall be liable for paying compensation for the losses.
| | ２．对危险物品和易腐货物，不按规定操作或妥善保管，造成毁损的，负责赔偿损失。
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c. If the goods are withdrawn from the warehouse or cannot be deposited in storage due to the fault of the safekeeping party, it shall make compensation for the storing party's transportation expenses and pay breach of contract damages in accordance with the provisions of the contract.
| | ３．由于保管方的责任，造成退仓或不能入库时，应按合同规定赔偿存货方运费和支付违约金。
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d. In cases where it is the responsibility of the safekeeping party to transport the goods and it fails to ship them on time, it shall compensate the storing party for losses due to overdue delivery; if it sends them to the wrong destination, in addition to transporting the goods without charge to the destination as stipulated in the contract, it shall also compensate the storing party for the actual losses caused thereby.
| | ４．由保管方负责发运的货物，不能按期发货，赔偿存货方逾期交货的损失；错发到货地点，除按合同规定无偿运到规定的到货地点外，并赔偿存货方因此而造成的实际损失。
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(2) Liability of the storing party:
| | 二、存货方的责任：
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a. Flammable, explosive, poisonous and other dangerous articles and perishable articles must be noted in the contract, and the necessary data must be provided. Otherwise, if any damage to goods or human casualties is caused thereby, it shall be liable for paying compensation and may even be subject to criminal liability.
| | １．易燃、易爆、有毒等危险物品和易腐物品，必须在合同中注明，并提供必要的资料，否则造成货物毁损或人身伤亡，承担赔偿责任直至刑事责任。
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b. If the weight stored exceeds that agreed upon or the goods are not picked up on time, in addition to the payment of storage fees, it shall also pay breach of contract damages.
| | ２．超议定储存量储存或逾期不提时，除交纳保管费外，还应偿付违约金。
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Article 44. Liability for breach of a contract for the lease of property.
| | 第四十四条 违反财产租赁合同的责任
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(1) Liability of the lessee:
| | 一、承租方的责任：
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a. If improper use and safekeeping of the leased property or failure to maintain and keep it in good repair causes damage to or destruction of the property, it shall be responsible for restoration of the property or payment of compensation.
| | １．由于使用保管或维修保养不当，造成租用财产损坏、灭失的，负责修复或赔偿。
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b. If it dismantles or alters a house, equipment, machine tools or other property without permission, it shall be liable for making compensation for the losses caused thereby.
| | ２．擅自拆改房屋、设备、机具等财产，负责赔偿由此而造成的损失。
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c. If it sublets the leased property without permission or carries out illegal activities, the lessor shall have the right to rescind the contract.
| | ３．擅自将租赁财产转租或进行非法活动，出租方有权解除合同。
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d. If the leased property is not returned at the specified time, in addition to paying the supplemental rent, it shall also pay breach of contract damages.
| | ４．逾期不还租赁财产，除补交租金外，还应偿付违约金。
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(2) Liability of the lessor:
| | 二、出租方的责任：
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a. If it does not provide the leased property at the time stipulated in the contract, it shall pay breach of contract damages.
| | １．未按合同规定的时间提供出租财产，应偿付违约金。
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b. If it does not provide the leased property in accordance with the quality stipulated in the contract, it shall be liable for paying compensation for the losses caused thereby.
| | ２．未按合同规定质量提供出租财产，负责赔偿由此而造成的损失。
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c. If it does not supply related equipment, accessories, etc., in accordance with the provisions of the contract and thereby causes the lessee to be unable to make timely and regular use of the leased property, in addition to supplying what is necessary in accordance with stipulations, it shall also pay breach of contract damages.
| | ３．未按合同规定提供有关设备、附件等，致使承租方不能如期正常使用的，除按规定如数补齐外，还应偿付违约金。
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d. In the leasing of vessels, vehicles and other large-scale instruments, if improper handling by the lessor or the negligence of service personnel causes the period of the lease to be prolonged, it shall pay the lessee breach of contract damages in accordance with the contract or other relevant stipulations.
| | ４．出租船舶、车辆等大型工具，如因出租方操作不当或服务人员的过失，造成租赁逾期，按合同或有关规定偿付承租方违约金。
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Article 45. Liability for breach of a loan contract.
| | 第四十五条 违反借款合同的责任
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(1) Liability of the lender:
If the People's Bank, specialized banks or credit cooperatives do not make loans in a timely manner in accordance with the provisions of the contract, they shall pay breach of contract damages.
| | 一、贷款方的责任：
人民银行、专业银行、信用合作社，未按合同规定及时贷款，应偿付违约金。
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(2) Liability of the borrower:
If the borrower does not utilize the loan in accordance with the provisions of the contract, it shall pay additional interest in accordance with relevant provisions; the lender shall have the right to recall part or all of the loan ahead of schedule.
| | 二、借款方的责任：
借款方不按合同规定使用贷款，应按有关规定加付利息；贷款方有权提前收回一部或全部贷款。
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Article 46. Liability for breach of a property insurance contract.
| | 第四十六条 违反财产保险合同的责任
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(1) Liability of the insurer:
It shall be liable for paying indemnity for the losses and expenses caused by an insured accident within the scope of the insured amount. The reasonable expenses paid by the policy holder in order to avoid or reduce the losses within the scope of the insured liability by means of rescue, protection, repair or litigation shall be reimbursed in accordance with the provisions of the contract. If it does not indemnify the policy holder in a timely manner, it shall be liable for breach of contract.
| | 一、保险方的责任：
对于保险事故造成的损失和费用，在保险金额的范围内承担赔偿责任。被保险方为了避免或减少保险责任范围内的损失而进行的施救、保护、整理、诉讼所支出的合理费用，根据合同规定偿付。如果不及时偿付，应承担违约责任。
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(2) Liability of the policy holder:
If the policy holder conceals the actual circumstances of the insured property, the insurer shall have the right to rescind the contract or shall not be liable for making indemnity.
If the policy holder discovers dangerous circumstances regarding the insured property and does not adopt measures to eliminate them, it shall be held solely liable for any losses from an accident caused thereby, and the insurer shall not be liable for making indemnity therefor.
| | 二、投保方的责任：
投保方如隐瞒被保险财产的真实情况，保险方有权解除合同或不负赔偿责任。
投保方对被保险的财产发现有危险情况，不采取措施消除，由此发生事故造成的损失由自己负责，保险方不负赔偿责任。
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Article 47. Liability for breach of a contract for scientific and technological cooperation.
| | 第四十七条 违反科技协作合同的责任
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(1) Liability of the commissioned party or transferor of technology.
If the commissioned party or transferor of technology does not perform the contract, it shall, depending on the circumstances, return part or all of the commission or transfer fee paid by the commissioning party or transferee of the technology; if it delays the progress of work, it shall reimburse any extra expenses caused thereby.
| | 一、受托方或技术转让方的责任：
受托方或技术转让方不履行合同，应根据具体情况，部分或全部退还委托方或技术受让方所拨付的委托费或转让费；拖延进度，应偿付因此所造成的额外费用。
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(2) Liability of the commissioning party or transferee of technology.
If the commissioning party or transferee of technology does not perform the contract, it may not reclaim the commission or transfer fee and shall in addition reimburse the commissioned party or transferor of technology for all expenses paid in dealing with the consequences of the non-performance.
| | 二、委托方或技术受让方的责任：
委托方或技术受让方不履行合同，所拨付的委托费或转让费不得追回，并偿付受托方或技术转让方善后处理所支出的各项费用。
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CHAPTER V MEDIATION AND ARBITRATION OF ECONOMIC CONTRACT DISPUTES
| | 第五章 经济合同纠纷的调解和仲裁
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Article 48. If a dispute over an economic contract develops, the parties shall promptly resolve it through consultation. If consultation is not successful, either party may apply to the contract administration authorities specified by the state for mediation or arbitration, and it may also directly bring a suit in the people's courts.
| | 第四十八条 经济合同发生纠纷时，当事人应及时协商解决。协商不成时，任何一方均可向国家规定的合同管理机关申请调解或仲裁，也可以直接向人民法院起诉。
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Article 49. If mediation results in an agreement, the parties shall perform such agreement. In the case of a decision made after arbitration, the contract administration authorities specified by the state shall issue a written arbitration decision. If one party or both parties do not agree with the arbitration decision, it or they may, within 15 days from the date of receiving the written arbitration decision, bring a suit in the people's courts; if no suit is filed within that period, the arbitration decision shall become legally effective.
| | 第四十九条 调解达成协议的，当事人应当履行。仲裁作出裁决，由国家规定的合同管理机关制作仲裁决定书。当事人一方或双方对仲裁不服的，可以在收到仲裁决定书之日起十五天内，向人民法院起诉；期满不起诉的，裁决即具有法律效力。
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Article 50. When a party to an economic contract applies to the contract administration authorities for mediation or arbitration, it shall submit the application within one year from the date it knows or should have known of the infringement of its rights. In general, those cases that exceed the time limit shall not be accepted.
| | 第五十条 经济合同当事人向合同管理机关申请调解或仲裁，应从其知道或应当知道权利被侵害之日起一年内提出，超过期限的，一般不予受理。
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CHAPTER VI ADMINISTRATION OF ECONOMIC CONTRACTS
| | 第六章 经济合同的管理
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Article 51. The departments in charge of specialized work and the administrative departments for industry and commerce at all levels shall carry out supervision and examination of relevant economic contracts and establish necessary administrative systems. The departments in charge of specialized work at all levels shall treat the performance of economic contracts by an enterprise as one of the economic indicators by which the enterprise's work is assessed.
| | 第五十一条 各级业务主管部门和工商行政管理部门应对有关的经济合同进行监督检查，建立必要的管理制度。各级业务主管部门还应把企业经济合同的履行情况，作为一项经济指标进行考核。
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Article 52. The People's Bank, specialized banks and credit cooperatives shall supervise the performance of economic contracts by means of credit administration and administration of settlements.
The People's Bank, specialized banks and credit cooperatives shall handle the settling of accounts in accordance with the provisions of the settlement system and handle the acceptance of payments, refusals to pay and debits to cover overdue payments.
If a party to an economic contract has not voluntarily performed, within the stipulated time period, the mediation document, written arbitration decision or court judgment, the People's Bank, specialized banks and credit cooperatives shall, upon receipt of a notice from the people's court requesting assistance in carrying out the relevant award, debit or transfer credits from the party's account in the amount required to make payment.
| | 第五十二条 人民银行、专业银行、信用合作社应通过信贷管理和结算管理，监督经济合同的履行。
人民银行、专业银行、信用合作社应当按照结算制度的规定办理结算，并处理承付、拒付以及扣收延付款项。
经济合同当事人对调解书、仲裁决定书或法院的判决，在规定期限内没有自动履行的，人民银行、专业银行、信用合作社在收到人民法院的协助执行通知书后，应当从当事人帐户中扣留或划拨需支付的款项。
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Article 53. The conclusion of false economic contracts, or selling of economic contracts at a profit, or use of an economic contract for speculation, subcontracting to profit at another's expense, illegitimate transfers, giving or accepting bribes and other illegal acts that impair the interests of the state and the public interest shall be dealt with by the administrative departments for industry and commerce, and shall be turned over to the judicial organs for handling if it is necessary to investigate criminal liability.
| | 第五十三条 对于订立假经济合同，或倒卖经济合同，或利用经济合同买空卖空、转包渔利、非法转让、行贿受贿，以及其他危害国家利益和社会公共利益的违法行为，由工商行政管理部门负责处理，需要追究刑事责任的移送司法机关处理。
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CHAPTER VII SUPPLEMENTARY PROVISIONS
| | 第七章 附则
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Article 54. Economic contracts concluded between self-employed individuals or rural commune members and legal entities shall be implemented with reference to this Law.
| | 第五十四条 个体经营户、农村社员同法人之间签订经济合同，应参照本法执行。
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Article 55. Regulations on economic and trade contracts involving foreign interests shall be formulated separately with reference to the principles of this Law and international practice.
| | 第五十五条 涉外经济贸易合同条例参照本法的原则和国际惯例另行制定。
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Article 56. The relevant departments of the State Council and the people's governments of the provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government may, in accordance with this Law, formulate implementing regulations, which shall go into effect after being submitted to and approved by the State Council.
| | 第五十六条 国务院有关部门和各省、市、自治区人民政府可以根据本法制定实施条例，报国务院批准施行。
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| Article 57. This Law shall come into force on July 1, 1982. | | 第五十七条 本法从１９８２年７月１日起实施。
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